RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1. Nose
2. Nasal cavity
3. Paranasal sinuses
4. Pharynx
5. Larynx
6. Trachea
7. Bronchi (their smaller branches)
8. Lungs contain alveoli.

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles form a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs

terminal bronchioles and alveoli involved in gas exchange

inflamed nasal mucosa

inflamed sinuses; headache

nasal septum is significantly displaced to one side, making one nasal air passage smaller than the other

• Purifies
• Humidifies
• Warms

Single layer of squamous epithelium

• SQUAMOUS
• CUBOIDAL

Thin layer that is needed for exchange

• secrete surfactant
• removes surface tension, thus preventing collapsing of alveoli

formed by 9 cartilages: 3 single & 3 paired

• epiglottis
• thyroid cartilage
• cricoid cartilage
• arytenoid cartilages
• corniculate cartilages
• cuneiform cartilages

2 lungs occupy large part of thoracic cavity

• L: 2 lobes & smaller
• R: 3 lobes

two membranes surround each lung:

1. inner visceral pleura
2. outer parietal pleura

• Type 1 - SIMPLE
• Type 2 - CUBIDOIL
• Alveolar macrophages - DUST CELLS

A fluid produced by

• Type II alveolar cells
• alveoli
• smallest bronchioles

to lower the surface tension at the air/liquid interface within the alveoli of the lung

1. PULMONARY VENTILATION (BREATHING)
2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
3. TRANSPORT GASES IN BLOOD
4. INTERNAL RESPIRATION

air goes in and out of lungs

gas exchange in lungs between alveolar air and blood

carrying gases between lungs and body tissues

gas exchange between blood and tissues

total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases = to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture

A gas will dissolve in a liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

ex: bubbles in soda

a gas's pressure and volume are inversely proportional

diaphragm muscle contracts -> thoracic cavity expands in superior-inferior direction

external intercostal muscles contracts -> rib cages move out and up; thoracic expands in anterior-posterior direction

• Passive process
• Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax = pressure is more

the vacuum would stop removing fluids which would fill the pleural cavity up, making it a positive pressure when it is supposed to maintain a neg pressure

Condition in which all or part of your lung becomes airless and collapse

Inflammation of the pleura, or membranes, of the lungs

...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

• life threatening disease
• airflow limitation that is not fully reversible

Destruction of alveoli and their permanent enlargement

• can develop empty spaces in lungs

Inflammation of the airways over a long periods of time

• irritation
• excessive mucus

Cause: airways of lungs to swell and narrow

• wheezing
• shortness of breath
• chest tightness

Infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis

Leading cause of cancer death

• # of breaths a person takes within a specified amount of times
• measured in breaths per minute

Normal breathing

2 in medulla & 2 in pons

• DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
• VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP

• inspiratory center
• send impulses via phrenic and intercostal nerves
• set basic rhythm of breathing

• work mainly during forceful breathing

• APNEUSTIC CENTER
• PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER

• Stimulates DRG

• Inhibits apneustic center & DRG: limits length of inspiration and promotes expiration

1. Dissolve in plasma- 7%
2. Bound to hemoglobin- 23%
3. As bicarbonates in plasma- 70%

• 98.5% is bound to hemoglobin in RBCS
• 1.5% dissolved in plasma

mass movement of chloride ions into the red blood cells, to balance charges

enzyme present in RBCs convert carbondioxide to bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid in lungs

hemo-oxy break down faster in low pH,high acidity

Less Hb saturation with O2 -> more CO2 transport

A graphical representation of the relationship between:

• hemoglobin's % saturation
• the partial pressure of oxygen

the volume of ventilated air that does not participate in gas exchange