A local infection is one that is
localized to small area
A focal infection is on that is
traveling from initial local infected area to another specific location in the body
A systemic infection is one that is
Throughout the entire body
Viremia
Virus in the blood
Toxemia
toxins in the blood
Septicemia
blood poisoning or bacteria in the blood
what is a subclinical disease
no noticeable signs or symptoms
What is a vector
living organism that tranmits an infectious agent from infected animal to human or animal
wWhat is a carrier
person who has a disease but no symptoms and can pass it on
What is a reservoir
continual source of infection
What are some examples of living reservoirs
Carrier/human Zoonoses/animal
What is a mechanical transmission
arthropod carries pathogen on its feet
What is an example of biological transmission
pathogen reproduces in vector via a bite or feces
What is an endemic
Constantly present in the population
What is an epidemic
acquired by many people in a given area in a short time
What is mortality
Deaths from a notifiable disease
What is morbidity
incidence of a specific notifiable disease
What is a disease that can be spread from one host to another
Communicable
What is an abnormal state in which the body is not performing its normal function
Disease
Etiology is
The cause of a disease
What is known as the ability to cause disease
Pathogenic
What is the degree of pathogenicity
Virulence
What is the most common portal of entry
Respiratory tract
What role does an adhesion play in infection
Helps the pathogen to bind to receptors on the host
Examples of adhesins
Glycocalx, fimbriae
How does an adhesin interact with a host cell
Attach colonize and invade triggering an immune response
How do adhesins aid in biofilm formation
attachment of cell to substrate
How does a kinase assist the microbial invasion into host cell tissues
Digests fibrin clots
How does a Hyaluronidase assist the microbial invasion into host cell tissues
Digest polysaccharides
How does a Collagenase assist the microbial invasion into host cell tissues
Breaks down collagen
What are surface proteins produced by bacteria that rearrange actin filaments in the cytoskeleton and cause "membrane ruffling"
Invasions
ID50
number of organisms needed to estimate infection in host
( lower the ID the higher the Virulence)
What is LD50
Lethal dose of toxins
How do antigenic variation aid in immune evasion
Alter their surface antigens and antibodies are rendered ineffective
How do Biofilms aid in immune evasion
By evading or being more resistant to phagocytosis
IgA protease is found where
In mucous secretions
What is a poisonous substance produced by microorganisms
Toxin
what is an antitoxin
antibody specific for toxins
What can damage DNA causing mutations, disrupting cell division, and can lead to CA
Genotoxins
What can kill phagocytotic leukocytes
Leukocidins
What can kill erythrocytes by forming protein channels
Hemolysins
What is a streptolysin
Hemolysin produced by streptococci
What is a superantigen and how does it cause damage to the body
Causes a great immune response causing fever, nausea, shock, and even death
What is an endotoxin
Lipid A portion of LPS gram negative, stimulates macrophages to release cytokines
What is a cytopathic effect (CPE)
Visible effects of viral infection on a cell
What is syncytium
Fusing of cells together from CPE
What could happen if a cell loses contact inhibition
it could lead to cancer
What are two ways adaptive immunity can be acquired
Infection or vaccination
Which lymphocyte is responsible for humoral immunity
B cells
Where do B cells mature
RBM
What does humoral immunity target
Extracellular invaders
Which lymphocyte is responsible for cell mediated immunity
T cells
WHere do T cells mature
Thymus
What do T cells target
Intracellular invaders
Name some common types of Cytokines
Interleukines, chemokines, interferons, TNF, hematopoietic
What is an epitope
Antigenic determinants on the antigen
What is a hapten
antigen too small to provoke and immune response
How many epitopes can a bivalent immunoglobulin bind to
2
How many polypeptides make up an antibody
4 chains
What binds to the epitopes
Variable regions at the end of the arms
Constant Fc region?stem
determines what class of antibody
Which is first produced in an immune response and short lived
IgM
Most abundant in serum
IgG
Which is associated with helminth infections
IgE
Which assists in immune response on B cells
IgD
Where is MHC found
all nucleated animal cells
Where MHC found
Surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs) including B cells
Which type of T cell is needed for B cell activation
Helper T cells
CD4
Helper T cell
CD8
cytotoxic T cell
What functions do regulatory T cells have
supress t cell against self, protect intestinal bacteria, fetus
what compounds do cytotoxic T cells release
Perforin and granzymes for apoptosis
What kinds of cells can be killed by cytotoxic t cells
Cancer cells and cells infected with a virus
NK cell
granular leukocytes that destroy cells that don't express MHC
NAAI
Result from infection
NAPI
transplacental or colostrum
AAAI
result from vaccine
AAPI
result from monoclonal antibodies
Complement
causes inflammation of cell lysis activated by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen bonding antibodies
opsonization
coating antigen with antibody and enhances phagocytosis and uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytosis
Neutralization
Blocks adhesins of bacteria and viruses and work with antibodies to signal presence of pathogens so WBC can locate and kill
Agglutination
Reduces the number of infectious results to be dealt with (clumping)
antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
antibodies attach to target cells causing destruction by macrophages, eosinophils and NK cells
Liquid componet of blood
Plasma
3 major groups of formed elements
Erythrocytes-RBC, Leukocytes- WBC, Platelets
Liquid componet of blood once clotting factors have been removed
Serum
Which WBC is most abundant
Neutrophils
Granulocyte
Leukocyte granules in cytoplasm visible with light microscope ( neutro, baso, Eos)
Agranulocyte
Leukocyte not visible with light microscope ( Mono, Dendritic, Lympho "t cells, B cells)
Where does lymph originate from __________ and how does it reenter the blood stream___________
RBM, lymph nodes
3 phagocytotic immune cells
mono, macro, neut, dend, eos
How does inflammation fight infection
Sends out inflammatory cells to attack bacteria or heal damaged tissue
How does fever help fight infection
Maintains high temp until cytokines are released
What is complement
produced by liver to enhance immune system in destroying microbes
What is MAC
activated complement proteins called membrane attack complex
How can interferons help protect against viral infection
IFNa and IFNb produced by cells in response to viral infection causing neighbor cells to produce AVPs to inhibit viral replication
Transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin and HGB have in common
All iron binding protiens
WHy do some microbes produce Siderophores
To compete with iron binding protiens
How can anitmicrobial peptides protect against infection
inhibit cell wall synthesis, form pores in plasma membrane, broad spectrum activity
Variolation
Inoculation of smallpox
Who discovered vaccinations
Jenner
which disease was targeted by the first vaccine
Cow pox
How does a vaccine lead to protection against infectious disease
induces immunity and provokes an immune response froming memory cells
Which vaccines are safer attenuated or inactivated killed vaccines
Inactivated killed vaccines
Live Attenuated viruses are
weakened viruses that mimic the actual infection
Can subunit vaccines cause disease why or why not
They are fragments to stimulate immune response and do not usually cause disease
What is an adjuvant
chemical additive added to vaccines to improve them
What is VAERS
tracks side effects of viruses