front 1 A local infection is one that is | back 1 localized to small area |
front 2 A focal infection is on that is | back 2 traveling from initial local infected area to another specific location in the body |
front 3 A systemic infection is one that is | back 3 Throughout the entire body |
front 4 Viremia | back 4 Virus in the blood |
front 5 Toxemia | back 5 toxins in the blood |
front 6 Septicemia | back 6 blood poisoning or bacteria in the blood |
front 7 what is a subclinical disease | back 7 no noticeable signs or symptoms |
front 8 What is a vector | back 8 living organism that tranmits an infectious agent from infected animal to human or animal |
front 9 wWhat is a carrier | back 9 person who has a disease but no symptoms and can pass it on |
front 10 What is a reservoir | back 10 continual source of infection |
front 11 What are some examples of living reservoirs | back 11 Carrier/human Zoonoses/animal |
front 12 What is a mechanical transmission | back 12 arthropod carries pathogen on its feet |
front 13 What is an example of biological transmission | back 13 pathogen reproduces in vector via a bite or feces |
front 14 What is an endemic | back 14 Constantly present in the population |
front 15 What is an epidemic | back 15 acquired by many people in a given area in a short time |
front 16 What is mortality | back 16 Deaths from a notifiable disease |
front 17 What is morbidity | back 17 incidence of a specific notifiable disease |
front 18 What is a disease that can be spread from one host to another | back 18 Communicable |
front 19 What is an abnormal state in which the body is not performing its normal function | back 19 Disease |
front 20 Etiology is | back 20 The cause of a disease |
front 21 What is known as the ability to cause disease | back 21 Pathogenic |
front 22 What is the degree of pathogenicity | back 22 Virulence |
front 23 What is the most common portal of entry | back 23 Respiratory tract |
front 24 What role does an adhesion play in infection | back 24 Helps the pathogen to bind to receptors on the host |
front 25 Examples of adhesins | back 25 Glycocalx, fimbriae |
front 26 How does an adhesin interact with a host cell | back 26 Attach colonize and invade triggering an immune response |
front 27 How do adhesins aid in biofilm formation | back 27 attachment of cell to substrate |
front 28 How does a kinase assist the microbial invasion into host cell tissues | back 28 Digests fibrin clots |
front 29 How does a Hyaluronidase assist the microbial invasion into host cell tissues | back 29 Digest polysaccharides |
front 30 How does a Collagenase assist the microbial invasion into host cell tissues | back 30 Breaks down collagen |
front 31 What are surface proteins produced by bacteria that rearrange actin filaments in the cytoskeleton and cause "membrane ruffling" | back 31 Invasions |
front 32 ID50 | back 32 number of organisms needed to estimate infection in host ( lower the ID the higher the Virulence) |
front 33 What is LD50 | back 33 Lethal dose of toxins |
front 34 How do antigenic variation aid in immune evasion | back 34 Alter their surface antigens and antibodies are rendered ineffective |
front 35 How do Biofilms aid in immune evasion | back 35 By evading or being more resistant to phagocytosis |
front 36 IgA protease is found where | back 36 In mucous secretions |
front 37 What is a poisonous substance produced by microorganisms | back 37 Toxin |
front 38 what is an antitoxin | back 38 antibody specific for toxins |
front 39 What can damage DNA causing mutations, disrupting cell division, and can lead to CA | back 39 Genotoxins |
front 40 What can kill phagocytotic leukocytes | back 40 Leukocidins |
front 41 What can kill erythrocytes by forming protein channels | back 41 Hemolysins |
front 42 What is a streptolysin | back 42 Hemolysin produced by streptococci |
front 43 What is a superantigen and how does it cause damage to the body | back 43 Causes a great immune response causing fever, nausea, shock, and even death |
front 44 What is an endotoxin | back 44 Lipid A portion of LPS gram negative, stimulates macrophages to release cytokines |
front 45 What is a cytopathic effect (CPE) | back 45 Visible effects of viral infection on a cell |
front 46 What is syncytium | back 46 Fusing of cells together from CPE |
front 47 What could happen if a cell loses contact inhibition | back 47 it could lead to cancer |
front 48 What are two ways adaptive immunity can be acquired | back 48 Infection or vaccination |
front 49 Which lymphocyte is responsible for humoral immunity | back 49 B cells |
front 50 Where do B cells mature | back 50 RBM |
front 51 What does humoral immunity target | back 51 Extracellular invaders |
front 52 Which lymphocyte is responsible for cell mediated immunity | back 52 T cells |
front 53 WHere do T cells mature | back 53 Thymus |
front 54 What do T cells target | back 54 Intracellular invaders |
front 55 Name some common types of Cytokines | back 55 Interleukines, chemokines, interferons, TNF, hematopoietic |
front 56 What is an epitope | back 56 Antigenic determinants on the antigen |
front 57 What is a hapten | back 57 antigen too small to provoke and immune response |
front 58 How many epitopes can a bivalent immunoglobulin bind to | back 58 2 |
front 59 How many polypeptides make up an antibody | back 59 4 chains |
front 60 What binds to the epitopes | back 60 Variable regions at the end of the arms |
front 61 Constant Fc region?stem | back 61 determines what class of antibody |
front 62 Which is first produced in an immune response and short lived | back 62 IgM |
front 63 Most abundant in serum | back 63 IgG |
front 64 Which is associated with helminth infections | back 64 IgE |
front 65 Which assists in immune response on B cells | back 65 IgD |
front 66 Where is MHC found | back 66 all nucleated animal cells |
front 67 Where MHC found | back 67 Surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs) including B cells |
front 68 Which type of T cell is needed for B cell activation | back 68 Helper T cells |
front 69 CD4 | back 69 Helper T cell |
front 70 CD8 | back 70 cytotoxic T cell |
front 71 What functions do regulatory T cells have | back 71 supress t cell against self, protect intestinal bacteria, fetus |
front 72 what compounds do cytotoxic T cells release | back 72 Perforin and granzymes for apoptosis |
front 73 What kinds of cells can be killed by cytotoxic t cells | back 73 Cancer cells and cells infected with a virus |
front 74 NK cell | back 74 granular leukocytes that destroy cells that don't express MHC |
front 75 NAAI | back 75 Result from infection |
front 76 NAPI | back 76 transplacental or colostrum |
front 77 AAAI | back 77 result from vaccine |
front 78 AAPI | back 78 result from monoclonal antibodies |
front 79 Complement | back 79 causes inflammation of cell lysis activated by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen bonding antibodies |
front 80 opsonization | back 80 coating antigen with antibody and enhances phagocytosis and uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytosis |
front 81 Neutralization | back 81 Blocks adhesins of bacteria and viruses and work with antibodies to signal presence of pathogens so WBC can locate and kill |
front 82 Agglutination | back 82 Reduces the number of infectious results to be dealt with (clumping) |
front 83 antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity | back 83 antibodies attach to target cells causing destruction by macrophages, eosinophils and NK cells |
front 84 Liquid componet of blood | back 84 Plasma |
front 85 3 major groups of formed elements | back 85 Erythrocytes-RBC, Leukocytes- WBC, Platelets |
front 86 Liquid componet of blood once clotting factors have been removed | back 86 Serum |
front 87 Which WBC is most abundant | back 87 Neutrophils |
front 88 Granulocyte | back 88 Leukocyte granules in cytoplasm visible with light microscope ( neutro, baso, Eos) |
front 89 Agranulocyte | back 89 Leukocyte not visible with light microscope ( Mono, Dendritic, Lympho "t cells, B cells) |
front 90 Where does lymph originate from __________ and how does it reenter the blood stream___________ | back 90 RBM, lymph nodes |
front 91 3 phagocytotic immune cells | back 91 mono, macro, neut, dend, eos |
front 92 How does inflammation fight infection | back 92 Sends out inflammatory cells to attack bacteria or heal damaged tissue |
front 93 How does fever help fight infection | back 93 Maintains high temp until cytokines are released |
front 94 What is complement | back 94 produced by liver to enhance immune system in destroying microbes |
front 95 What is MAC | back 95 activated complement proteins called membrane attack complex |
front 96 How can interferons help protect against viral infection | back 96 IFNa and IFNb produced by cells in response to viral infection causing neighbor cells to produce AVPs to inhibit viral replication |
front 97 Transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin and HGB have in common | back 97 All iron binding protiens |
front 98 WHy do some microbes produce Siderophores | back 98 To compete with iron binding protiens |
front 99 How can anitmicrobial peptides protect against infection | back 99 inhibit cell wall synthesis, form pores in plasma membrane, broad spectrum activity |
front 100 Variolation | back 100 Inoculation of smallpox |
front 101 Who discovered vaccinations | back 101 Jenner |
front 102 which disease was targeted by the first vaccine | back 102 Cow pox |
front 103 How does a vaccine lead to protection against infectious disease | back 103 induces immunity and provokes an immune response froming memory cells |
front 104 Which vaccines are safer attenuated or inactivated killed vaccines | back 104 Inactivated killed vaccines |
front 105 Live Attenuated viruses are | back 105 weakened viruses that mimic the actual infection |
front 106 Can subunit vaccines cause disease why or why not | back 106 They are fragments to stimulate immune response and do not usually cause disease |
front 107 What is an adjuvant | back 107 chemical additive added to vaccines to improve them |
front 108 What is VAERS | back 108 tracks side effects of viruses |