What are the 5 challenges to survival?

1. energy acquisition

2. exchange of materials

3. internal transport of materials

4. maintaining water

5. communication

What are cells organized into?

tissues, organs, organ systems

What are the 4 general tissue types?

epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous

What are the 4 types of epithelium tissue?

1. cuboidal

2. simple columnar

3. simple squamous

4. psedostratified

What does epithelial tissue cover?

The outside of the body, organs, and cavities.

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

1. Skeletal (voluntary)

2. Smooth (involuntary)

3. Cardiac (involuntary)

What type of tissue is blood?

Connective

What systems control the other organ systems?

endocrine and nervous

What are the 2 major systems for controlling and coordinating responses to stimuli?

1. endocrine system

2. nervous system

What are the 4 key functions to most excretory systems?

1. Filtration

2. Reabsorption

3. Secretion

4. Excretion

What do both ammonia and urea contain?

nitrogen

What is toxic to cells?

ammonia

What 2 things are produced when nucleic acids and proteins are digested or metabolized?

ammonia and urea

The liver uses ____ _____ to convert ammonia to urea.

carbon dioxide

How does water return to the blood?

osmosis

What can eating salty foods increase?

osmolarity

Kidney disease can result from damage along any part of the _____.

nephron

The kidney's ability to concentrate urine depends on the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid of two structures: the cortex and the _____.

medulla

Osmolarity gradient is maintained by both the passive transport of ____.

NaCl

The osmolarity gradient is also maintained by the passive transport of ____.

urea

Water responds to the osmolarity gradient by moving from an area of lower concentration to an area of high solute concentration--a process called ______.

osmosis

Osmosis does not require energy. For this reason, osmosis is a form of ____ _____.

passive transport

The loss of water from the _____ results in urine that is highly concentrated.

filtrate

________ allows for cellular specialization with particular cells devoted to specific activities.

multicellularity

________ requires organization and results in an internal environment that differs from the external environment.

specialization

________ in ectotherms often includes adjustments at a cellular level.

acclimatization

The _______ triggers heat loss or heat-generating mechanisms.

hypothalamus

________ may supplement body heat through environmental factors like sitting in the sun.

endotherms

The _______ system is well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body.

endocrine

The ______ system is well suited for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment.

nervous

Coordination of pH control in the duodenum relies on an ______ pathway.

endocrine

The intracellular response is called _____ _______.

signal transduction