front 1 What are the 5 challenges to survival? | back 1 1. energy acquisition 2. exchange of materials 3. internal transport of materials 4. maintaining water 5. communication |
front 2 What are cells organized into? | back 2 tissues, organs, organ systems |
front 3 What are the 4 general tissue types? | back 3 epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous |
front 4 What are the 4 types of epithelium tissue? | back 4 1. cuboidal 2. simple columnar 3. simple squamous 4. psedostratified |
front 5 What does epithelial tissue cover? | back 5 The outside of the body, organs, and cavities. |
front 6 What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? | back 6 1. Skeletal (voluntary) 2. Smooth (involuntary) 3. Cardiac (involuntary) |
front 7 What type of tissue is blood? | back 7 Connective |
front 8 What systems control the other organ systems? | back 8 endocrine and nervous |
front 9 What are the 2 major systems for controlling and coordinating responses to stimuli? | back 9 1. endocrine system 2. nervous system |
front 10 What are the 4 key functions to most excretory systems? | back 10 1. Filtration 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion 4. Excretion |
front 11 What do both ammonia and urea contain? | back 11 nitrogen |
front 12 What is toxic to cells? | back 12 ammonia |
front 13 What 2 things are produced when nucleic acids and proteins are digested or metabolized? | back 13 ammonia and urea |
front 14 The liver uses ____ _____ to convert ammonia to urea. | back 14 carbon dioxide |
front 15 How does water return to the blood? | back 15 osmosis |
front 16 What can eating salty foods increase? | back 16 osmolarity |
front 17 Kidney disease can result from damage along any part of the _____. | back 17 nephron |
front 18 The kidney's ability to concentrate urine depends on the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid of two structures: the cortex and the _____. | back 18 medulla |
front 19 Osmolarity gradient is maintained by both the passive transport of ____. | back 19 NaCl |
front 20 The osmolarity gradient is also maintained by the passive transport of ____. | back 20 urea |
front 21 Water responds to the osmolarity gradient by moving from an area of lower concentration to an area of high solute concentration--a process called ______. | back 21 osmosis |
front 22 Osmosis does not require energy. For this reason, osmosis is a form of ____ _____. | back 22 passive transport |
front 23 The loss of water from the _____ results in urine that is highly concentrated. | back 23 filtrate |
front 24 ________ allows for cellular specialization with particular cells devoted to specific activities. | back 24 multicellularity |
front 25 ________ requires organization and results in an internal environment that differs from the external environment. | back 25 specialization |
front 26 ________ in ectotherms often includes adjustments at a cellular level. | back 26 acclimatization |
front 27 The _______ triggers heat loss or heat-generating mechanisms. | back 27 hypothalamus |
front 28 ________ may supplement body heat through environmental factors like sitting in the sun. | back 28 endotherms |
front 29 The _______ system is well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body. | back 29 endocrine |
front 30 The ______ system is well suited for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment. | back 30 nervous |
front 31 Coordination of pH control in the duodenum relies on an ______ pathway. | back 31 endocrine |
front 32 The intracellular response is called _____ _______. | back 32 signal transduction |