integumentary system

The integumentary system is the organsystem that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails).

skeletal system

protects and support body organs and provides a framework the muscle use to cause movement.Blood cells are formed within the the bones.Bones store minerals.

Muscular system

Allows manipulation of the environment , locomotion and facial expression , Mantains posture and produces heat

Nervous system

As the fast acting control system of the body , it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscle and glands

Endocrine system

Gland secrete hormones that regulate process such as growth ,reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism by body cells

Cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood , which carries oxygen ,carbon dioxide, nutrients waste, etc.The heart pumps blood

Lymphatic system/immunity

picks up fluid from blood vessels and return it to blood .Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream .Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes )involved in immunity

Respiratory system

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Digestive system

breaks down food into more absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells to indigesable food stuff are eliminated as feces.

Urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water electrolyte and electrolyte and acid base balance of the the blood.

anabolism

breaking down substances into simpler building blocks

Anabolism

synthesizing more complex cellular from simpler substances

Homeostasis

is the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the the outside world changes continuously

Process of homeostatic control

#1. receptor

#2. control system

#3 afferent pathway

Regional terms

Axial:the head trunk

Appendicular: limbs

Cephalic

THORACIC

STERNAL(STERNUM), AXILLARY AND MAMMARY

BACK

UPPER LIMB,MANUS, LOWER LIMB PEDAL(FOOT)REGIONS

SUPERIOR (CRANIAL)

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body above.(ex)the head is superior to the shoulder

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body;below ex)the navel is inferior to the the chin

Anterior (ventral)

toward at the front of the body ;in front of.EX) the breastbone is anterior to the spine

Posterior(dorsal)

Toward or at the front of the body;behind

the heart is posterior to the breastbone

Medial

Toward or at the mid line of the body; on the inner side of

the heart is medial to trunk

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body l on the outer side of

the arms are lateral to the chest

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

The collar bone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point or the attachment of the a limb to the trunk

the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Distal

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

the knee is is distal to the tigh

Superficial (external )

toward or at the body surface

Deep (INTERNAL)

The lungs are deep to the skin

Sagittal plane

Is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Median plane or mid sagittal plane

Lies exactly in the middle of the body

Parasagittal plane

divides the body into unequal halves

frontal and coronal planes

CRANIAL CAVITY

DORSAL AND VENTRAL CAVITIES

ABDOMINO PELVIC CAVITY, ABDOMIAL

THORACIC CAVITY

Ventral cavity:houses the pleura cavities which encases the lungs .

Superior Mediastenum houses the

DORSAL CAVITY

Protects the fragile nervous system organs,has two subdivisions the cranial and the vertebral cavities

PELVIC CAVITY

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY

HAS TWO MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS THE THORACIC AND THE ABDOMINO PELVIC AREA CAVITY .IT HOUSES THE INTERNAL ORGANS CALLED VISCERA OR VISCERAL ORGANS

PELURAL CAVITIES IN THE THORACIC CAVITY ENCLOSE ?

THE LUNGS

THE MEDIAL MEDIASTENUM IN THE THORACIC CAVITY ENCLOSE ?

IT CONTAINS THE PERICARDIAL CAVITY ,WHICH IT ENCLOSES THE HEART , ESOPHAGUS and THE THRACHEA

SEROUS MEMEBRANE

The walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs on the ventral cavity are protected by a thin double layer membrane called serosa or serous membrane

Regional name =

regional term

The axial part is:

Head neck and trunk

The appendicular part is:

The limbs

Cephalic

Cephalic (back)

Thoracic

Sternal ,Axillary ,mamary

Abdominal

Umbilical

Pelvic

Inguinal(groin)

Regional terms Ventral (anterior)

Regional terms dorsal(posterior)

Superior mediastenum

Medial Mediastenum

Poterior Mediastenum

Pericardial cavity encloses?

Encloses the heart and it also surrounds the other remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea and others)

The abdominopelvic cavity

The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Abdominal cavity contains the intestines,the stomach,spleen, liver and other organs.

The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and rectum

SEROSA

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin double layer called the "serosa" or the serorus membrane

Parietal pericardium

lines into the pericardial cavity and folds back as the visceral pericardium, which it cover the heart

Parietal pleurae

line the walls of the of the thoracic cavity and the visceral pleurae cover the lungs.

Parietal peritoneum

is associated with the walls of the abodominopelvic cavity while the visceral peritoneum covers most of the organs within that cavity

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS AND QUADRANTS

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

THE 9 REGIONS SHOWING THE SUPERFICIAL ORGANS

MID SAGITTAL CROSS CUT SECTION

TRANSVERSE PLANE SECTION

MORE TRANsVERSE PLANE CUT SECTIONS

coronal plane of cephalic area or head

transverse section of cephalic area or head

Forehead is superior to?

the forehead is superior to the nose

The navel is inferior to?

The navel is inferior to the breast bone

The breast bone is anterior to?

The breast bone is anterior to the the spine

The heart is posterior to ?

The heart is posterior ton the breastbone

The heart is medial to ?

The heart is medial to the arms

The arms are lateral to?

The armas are lateral to the chest

The elbow is proximal to?

The elbow is proximal to the wrist

The knee is distal to?

The knee is distal to the thigh

The skin is superficial to?

The skins superficial to the skeleton

The lungs are deep to?

The lungs are deep to the rib cage

the aorta is __________ to the vertebral column

ventral

the vertebral column is ________ to the aorta

dorsal

the sternum is _______ to the heart

anterior

the esophagus is _________ to the trachea

posterior

the _______ end of the embryonic neural tube develops into the brain

cephalic

the forebrain is _______ to the brainstem

rostral

the spinal cord is ________ to the brain

caudal

the heart is _______ to the diaphragm

superior

the liver is _______ to the diaphragm

inferior

the heart is ________ to the lungs

medial

the eyes are _______ to the nose

lateral

the fingernails are at the _______ ends of the fingers

distal

the bones are _______ to the muscle

deep

The serous membranes

Are double thin layer composed of connective and epithelial tissue.they line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and then fold back to cover the organs within the cavities.A slippery serous fluid produced by the cells of the membrane is found in between the two layers. This fluid permits the free sliding of the two layers during movement. THE portion of the membrane attached to an organ is called the visceral layer. The external layer or the portion of the membrane that attaches the body wall is called the parietal layer.

PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE(PERICARDIUM)

Surrounds the heart

PLEURAL MEMEBRANES

Surround the lungs

PERITONEAL MEMBRANE(PERITONUM)

Surrounds many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

respiratory system

The heart is in the ?

The heart is in the thoracic cavity over the ventral cavity

The trachea is located in ?

The trachea is locate din the superior is in the superior mediastenum cavity of the thoracic cavity over the ventral cavity

The stomach is located where?

in the abdominal cavity on the ventral cavity

the uterus is in the ?

pelvic cavity on the ventral cavity

The spinal cord is in located ?

is located in the vertebral cavity o the dorsal cavity