What 4 processes of life do biologists agree all living things share?

Growth

reproduction

responsiveness

metabolism

Moving towards or away from an environmental stimuli

taxis

Cells store energy in chemical bonds of

ATP

Describe how growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and metabolism work in viruses.

Growth- Growth does not occur

Reproduction- Host cell replicates the virus

Responsiveness- Reactions occur to host cells

Metabolism- Uses the host cell metabolism

What is different about the structure of a bacteria vs a virus.

Bacteria have a membrane and a cellular structure, while viruses lack a cytoplasmic membrane or cellular structure.

Viruses are not ______

cellular.

Smallest living things are:

single-celled microrganisms

A living thing, surrounded by a membrane, that can grow, reproduce, respond, and metabolize.

A Cell.

2 ways of describing cells, as either _____ or ______

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

What 2 domains do Prokaryotes a part of

Archaea

Bacteria

Prokaryotes can make ____ while reading their _____, because they dont have a _____

Proteins...

Genetic code...

membrane around their DNA.

A prokaryote does not have a

nucleus

Which has a nucelus, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes

Structures that compartmentalize a eukaryotes cellular fuctions (act like organs of the cell).

Organelles

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Algae, and Protozoa are _____.

Eukaryotes

Which is smaller, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Prokaryotes.

Sticky substance around some cells

glycocalyx

When the glycocalyx is made of chemicals firmly attached to the cell's surface, it is called a ____

capsule

When the glycocalyx is loose and water-soluble, it is called a ____

Slime layer

Purpose of the glycocalyx

keep the cell from drying out and make it be able to attach to surfaces as biofilm

Long structures that propel a cell thru the environment

flagella

3 parts of flagella

filament

hook

basal body

hollow shaft of the flagella that extends out into the cell's environment

filament

filament are made of protein molecules called

flagellin

flagellum grows at the

tip

the part of the flagella that anchors the filament and hook to the cell wall

the basal body

what does the filament need to rotate

hook, rod, and rings

flagella that cover the surface of a cell are called

peritrichous

flagella only at the ends

polar

spiral shaped bacteria

spirochetes

flagella at both ends of a cell that spiral tightly

endoflagella

caused the cell to corkscrew

the axial filament of an endoflagella

disease caused by spirochetes

lyme

moves a cell using a boat-propeller motion

flagella

bacteria move with a series of ___ and ___

runs and tumbles

light stimulus that causes movement

phototaxis

chemical stimulus that causes movement

chemotaxis

movement towards favorable stimulus

positive taxis

movement away from negative stimulus

negative taxis

rodlike proteinaceous extensions of bacteria

fimbriae

a disease that uses fimbriae to attached to the reproductive tract

gonorrhea

slimy masses of microbes adhering to a surface

biofilms

99% of bacteria exist in

biofilms

a special type of fimbriae that is larger than normal

pili

cells use pili to transfer

dna from cell to cell

transferring dna from one cell to another using pili is called

conjugation

provides structure, shape, and protection to a cell

cell wall

can cause resistance to some drugs

cell walls

penicillin attacks the cell wall of ____ but not ____

bacteria...

human cells

spherical cells

cocci

rod shaped cells

bacilli

bacterial cells walls are composed of ____, which our bodies don't have.

peptidoglycan

glycan portion of peptidoglycan

NAG and NAM

2 basic types of bacterial cell walls

Gram + and Gram -

cell wall with a thick peptidoglycan layer

Gram +

the surface of a gram + bacteria is __ charged

negatively

Gram + will be stained

purple

Stain used for gram + stains with large amounts of waxy lipds

acid-fast

the structure of a cytoplasmic membrane is referred to as a

phospholipid bilayer

the phospholipid molecule heads are hydro___, while the tails are hydro___

philic

phobic

function as pores to let substances cross the membrane

proteins

the interior of a membrane is usually ___ charged, the exterior is ___ charged.

negatively

positively

3 types of passive processes

diffusion

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

moving chemicals from a high concentration to a low one

diffusion

molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient using proteins

facilitated diffusion

has a binding site that is selective for only one substance

permease

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

osmosis

when the concentration of solutes are equal, it is called ___.

If the concentration of solutes is higher it is called ___, and if it is lower it is ____

isotonic

hypertonic

hypotonic

most cells are ___tonic to their environment

hyper

if you give a patient a hypertonic solution, the cells will

shrivel, or crenate.

if you give a patient a hypotonic solution, the cells will

swell, and possibly burst

if only one substance is transported during an active process, the permease is called a

uniport

in antiports, ___ substances are transported, but in opposite directions. (in/out)

2

when 2 substances move in the same direction across a membrane, it is called

symport

breaks down ATP into ADP

ATPase

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lipid-soluble substances use ____, a passive transport process.

diffusion

glucose, fructose, urea, and some vitamins use ___, a passive transport process.

facilitated diffusion

glucose, mannose, and fructose use ___, an active transport process.

group translocation

gelatinous material inside a cell

cytoplasm

the liquid portion of the cytoplasm

cytosol

in a prokaryote, the cell's dna is stored in the ___ of the cytosol

nucleoid

can tolerate boiling water for several hours and radiation at very high levels, as well as be unharmed by toxic chemicals like alcohol and bleach

endospores

anthrax, tetanus, and gangrene are examples of ___-forming bacteria.

endospore

site of protein synthesis in cells

ribosomes

70S ribosomes are composed of ___ and ___ subunits

30S

50S

archaea move using __, ___, and ___

flagella, fimbriae, and hami

___ are small, barbed-wire like projections used to stick fimbriae to surfaces

hami

most archaea have cells walls, but none have

peptidoglycan

Pili is not found on ___, but is found on ___.

Archaea...

Bacteria.

Hami is not found on ___, but is found on ___.

Bacteria...

Archea

Cell wall of archaea composed of

polysaccharides or proteins

cell wall of bacteria composed of

peptidoglycan

___ are absent in eukaryotes that have cell walls

glycocalyces

The eukaryotes ___, ___, and ___ have cell walls

fungi, algae, plants

Lipid A is only in Gram ___

negative

Fungi cell walls include polysaccharides including ___, ___, and ___

cellulose, chitin, and glucomannan

All eukaryotes have ___ that contain ___

cytoplasmic membranes...

sterols

Eukaryotes use ___ to localize cellular processes, sort protein, and some cell movement

membrane rafts

physical manipulation of the cytoplasmic membrane around the cytoskeleton

endocytosis

endocytosis is called ___ if a solid is brought into a cell, and ___ if a liquid is.

phagocytosis...

pinocytosis

Nutrients brought into the cell by endocytosis are then enclosed in a ___

food vessicle

The basal body in a eukaryote are ___ the cell membrane

inside

the basal body in eukaryotes have ___ microtubules, instead of ___ like prokaryotes

3...

2

___ flagella move rhythmically

eukaryote

eukaryotes flagella do not move with ___ and ___

runs and tumbles

No ___ cells have cilia

prokaryote

eukaryote ribosomes are ___ and contain ___ and ___ subunits

80S

60S and 40S

threadlike masses of DNA

chromatin

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus

nuclear enevelope

"Shipping department" of a cell

golgi body