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Chapter 3 - Cell Structure and Function

front 1

What 4 processes of life do biologists agree all living things share?

back 1

Growth

reproduction

responsiveness

metabolism

front 2

Moving towards or away from an environmental stimuli

back 2

taxis

front 3

Cells store energy in chemical bonds of

back 3

ATP

front 4

Describe how growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and metabolism work in viruses.

back 4

Growth- Growth does not occur

Reproduction- Host cell replicates the virus

Responsiveness- Reactions occur to host cells

Metabolism- Uses the host cell metabolism

front 5

What is different about the structure of a bacteria vs a virus.

back 5

Bacteria have a membrane and a cellular structure, while viruses lack a cytoplasmic membrane or cellular structure.

front 6

Viruses are not ______

back 6

cellular.

front 7

Smallest living things are:

back 7

single-celled microrganisms

front 8

A living thing, surrounded by a membrane, that can grow, reproduce, respond, and metabolize.

back 8

A Cell.

front 9

2 ways of describing cells, as either _____ or ______

back 9

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

front 10

What 2 domains do Prokaryotes a part of

back 10

Archaea

Bacteria

front 11

Prokaryotes can make ____ while reading their _____, because they dont have a _____

back 11

Proteins...

Genetic code...

membrane around their DNA.

front 12

A prokaryote does not have a

back 12

nucleus

front 13

Which has a nucelus, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

back 13

Eukaryotes

front 14

Structures that compartmentalize a eukaryotes cellular fuctions (act like organs of the cell).

back 14

Organelles

front 15

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Algae, and Protozoa are _____.

back 15

Eukaryotes

front 16

Which is smaller, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

back 16

Prokaryotes.

front 17

Sticky substance around some cells

back 17

glycocalyx

front 18

When the glycocalyx is made of chemicals firmly attached to the cell's surface, it is called a ____

back 18

capsule

front 19

When the glycocalyx is loose and water-soluble, it is called a ____

back 19

Slime layer

front 20

Purpose of the glycocalyx

back 20

keep the cell from drying out and make it be able to attach to surfaces as biofilm

front 21

Long structures that propel a cell thru the environment

back 21

flagella

front 22

3 parts of flagella

back 22

filament

hook

basal body

front 23

hollow shaft of the flagella that extends out into the cell's environment

back 23

filament

front 24

filament are made of protein molecules called

back 24

flagellin

front 25

flagellum grows at the

back 25

tip

front 26

the part of the flagella that anchors the filament and hook to the cell wall

back 26

the basal body

front 27

what does the filament need to rotate

back 27

hook, rod, and rings

front 28

flagella that cover the surface of a cell are called

back 28

peritrichous

front 29

flagella only at the ends

back 29

polar

front 30

spiral shaped bacteria

back 30

spirochetes

front 31

flagella at both ends of a cell that spiral tightly

back 31

endoflagella

front 32

caused the cell to corkscrew

back 32

the axial filament of an endoflagella

front 33

disease caused by spirochetes

back 33

lyme

front 34

moves a cell using a boat-propeller motion

back 34

flagella

front 35

bacteria move with a series of ___ and ___

back 35

runs and tumbles

front 36

light stimulus that causes movement

back 36

phototaxis

front 37

chemical stimulus that causes movement

back 37

chemotaxis

front 38

movement towards favorable stimulus

back 38

positive taxis

front 39

movement away from negative stimulus

back 39

negative taxis

front 40

rodlike proteinaceous extensions of bacteria

back 40

fimbriae

front 41

a disease that uses fimbriae to attached to the reproductive tract

back 41

gonorrhea

front 42

slimy masses of microbes adhering to a surface

back 42

biofilms

front 43

99% of bacteria exist in

back 43

biofilms

front 44

a special type of fimbriae that is larger than normal

back 44

pili

front 45

cells use pili to transfer

back 45

dna from cell to cell

front 46

transferring dna from one cell to another using pili is called

back 46

conjugation

front 47

provides structure, shape, and protection to a cell

back 47

cell wall

front 48

can cause resistance to some drugs

back 48

cell walls

front 49

penicillin attacks the cell wall of ____ but not ____

back 49

bacteria...

human cells

front 50

spherical cells

back 50

cocci

front 51

rod shaped cells

back 51

bacilli

front 52

bacterial cells walls are composed of ____, which our bodies don't have.

back 52

peptidoglycan

front 53

glycan portion of peptidoglycan

back 53

NAG and NAM

front 54

2 basic types of bacterial cell walls

back 54

Gram + and Gram -

front 55

cell wall with a thick peptidoglycan layer

back 55

Gram +

front 56

the surface of a gram + bacteria is __ charged

back 56

negatively

front 57

Gram + will be stained

back 57

purple

front 58

Stain used for gram + stains with large amounts of waxy lipds

back 58

acid-fast

front 59

the structure of a cytoplasmic membrane is referred to as a

back 59

phospholipid bilayer

front 60

the phospholipid molecule heads are hydro___, while the tails are hydro___

back 60

philic

phobic

front 61

function as pores to let substances cross the membrane

back 61

proteins

front 62

the interior of a membrane is usually ___ charged, the exterior is ___ charged.

back 62

negatively

positively

front 63

3 types of passive processes

back 63

diffusion

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

front 64

moving chemicals from a high concentration to a low one

back 64

diffusion

front 65

molecules diffuse down their concentration gradient using proteins

back 65

facilitated diffusion

front 66

has a binding site that is selective for only one substance

back 66

permease

front 67

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

back 67

osmosis

front 68

when the concentration of solutes are equal, it is called ___.

If the concentration of solutes is higher it is called ___, and if it is lower it is ____

back 68

isotonic

hypertonic

hypotonic

front 69

most cells are ___tonic to their environment

back 69

hyper

front 70

if you give a patient a hypertonic solution, the cells will

back 70

shrivel, or crenate.

front 71

if you give a patient a hypotonic solution, the cells will

back 71

swell, and possibly burst

front 72

if only one substance is transported during an active process, the permease is called a

back 72

uniport

front 73

in antiports, ___ substances are transported, but in opposite directions. (in/out)

back 73

2

front 74

when 2 substances move in the same direction across a membrane, it is called

back 74

symport

front 75

breaks down ATP into ADP

back 75

ATPase

front 76

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lipid-soluble substances use ____, a passive transport process.

back 76

diffusion

front 77

glucose, fructose, urea, and some vitamins use ___, a passive transport process.

back 77

facilitated diffusion

front 78

glucose, mannose, and fructose use ___, an active transport process.

back 78

group translocation

front 79

gelatinous material inside a cell

back 79

cytoplasm

front 80

the liquid portion of the cytoplasm

back 80

cytosol

front 81

in a prokaryote, the cell's dna is stored in the ___ of the cytosol

back 81

nucleoid

front 82

can tolerate boiling water for several hours and radiation at very high levels, as well as be unharmed by toxic chemicals like alcohol and bleach

back 82

endospores

front 83

anthrax, tetanus, and gangrene are examples of ___-forming bacteria.

back 83

endospore

front 84

site of protein synthesis in cells

back 84

ribosomes

front 85

70S ribosomes are composed of ___ and ___ subunits

back 85

30S

50S

front 86

archaea move using __, ___, and ___

back 86

flagella, fimbriae, and hami

front 87

___ are small, barbed-wire like projections used to stick fimbriae to surfaces

back 87

hami

front 88

most archaea have cells walls, but none have

back 88

peptidoglycan

front 89

Pili is not found on ___, but is found on ___.

back 89

Archaea...

Bacteria.

front 90

Hami is not found on ___, but is found on ___.

back 90

Bacteria...

Archea

front 91

Cell wall of archaea composed of

back 91

polysaccharides or proteins

front 92

cell wall of bacteria composed of

back 92

peptidoglycan

front 93

___ are absent in eukaryotes that have cell walls

back 93

glycocalyces

front 94

The eukaryotes ___, ___, and ___ have cell walls

back 94

fungi, algae, plants

front 95

Lipid A is only in Gram ___

back 95

negative

front 96

Fungi cell walls include polysaccharides including ___, ___, and ___

back 96

cellulose, chitin, and glucomannan

front 97

All eukaryotes have ___ that contain ___

back 97

cytoplasmic membranes...

sterols

front 98

Eukaryotes use ___ to localize cellular processes, sort protein, and some cell movement

back 98

membrane rafts

front 99

physical manipulation of the cytoplasmic membrane around the cytoskeleton

back 99

endocytosis

front 100

endocytosis is called ___ if a solid is brought into a cell, and ___ if a liquid is.

back 100

phagocytosis...

pinocytosis

front 101

Nutrients brought into the cell by endocytosis are then enclosed in a ___

back 101

food vessicle

front 102

The basal body in a eukaryote are ___ the cell membrane

back 102

inside

front 103

the basal body in eukaryotes have ___ microtubules, instead of ___ like prokaryotes

back 103

3...

2

front 104

___ flagella move rhythmically

back 104

eukaryote

front 105

eukaryotes flagella do not move with ___ and ___

back 105

runs and tumbles

front 106

No ___ cells have cilia

back 106

prokaryote

front 107

eukaryote ribosomes are ___ and contain ___ and ___ subunits

back 107

80S

60S and 40S

front 108

threadlike masses of DNA

back 108

chromatin

front 109

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus

back 109

nuclear enevelope

front 110

"Shipping department" of a cell

back 110

golgi body