developmental science is a field of study devoted to

understanding constancy and change throughout lifespan

Within the _______ view of development, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

discontinuous

Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin’s mother emphasizes the role of ______ in development.

nurture

The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is

multidimensional and multidirectional

according to the lifespan perspective, ______ is supreme in its impact on the life course.

no single age period

Which of the following is an example of an age-graded influence?

Frank got his driver’s license at age 16

Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and health adult. Betty;s ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as

resilience

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution emphasized ________ and ______.

natural selection; survival of the fittest

G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell,

launched the normative approach

According to the _______ perspective, people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

psychoanalytic

According to Sigmund Freud, the

id is the source of basic biological drives and social expectation

In contrast to Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson

pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture’s life situation.

In historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that

children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus

According to B.F. Skinner and operant conditioning, _________ will increase the frequency of a behavior and ______ will decrease the frequency of a behavior.

reinforcement; punishment

A(n) _______ period is a time that optimal for certain capacities to emerge.

sensitive

Unlike Jean Piaget. Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a _________ process.

socially mediated

Ecological systems theory views the person as

developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment

A _______ is a prediction about behavior drawn from a _______.

theory;hypothesis

Taking tests and answering questionnaire are examples of

research methods

Dr. Wiren observes children’s responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n)

naturalistic observation

_________ ask research participation to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings.

Self-Reports

Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade is using the ________ research method.

ethnographic

In a(n) _____ design, research look at relationship between participations’ characteristics and their behavior or development.

correlational

Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 illegal drugs use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is _________ and ________.

moderate; positive

In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child’s reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

child’s reading level in third grade

A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can

examine relationships between early and later behavior

In a longitudinal study, _______ effect occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions.

cohort

in a cross-sectional design, researchers study

groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

One limitation of debriefing is

young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures.

Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if

the benefits to society justify the risks to the participants

A ______ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics.

genotype

Generally, human ________ come in 23 matching pairs.

chromosomes

The sex of a new organism is determined by whether

the X-bearing sperms or Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum

Gilles has had frequent and high exposure to radiation in his occupation for the past ten years. Gilles’s offspring are at greater risks for ________ than children whose father were not exposed to radiation.

childhood cancer

The risk of bearing a child with down syndrome rises dramatically with

maternal age

To detect developmental problems before birth, doctors use

prenatal diagnostic methods

Most adopted children

become well-adjusted adults

Higher SES parents tend to emphasize the importance of ______ for their children, whereas lower SES parents tend to emphasize ______.

psychological traits; external characteristics

of all western nations, ________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children.

The United States

The United States is strongly _____, whereas most Western European countries lean toward _____.

individualistic; collectivism

Among African Americans, living within an extended family tends to produce

improved child rearing and reduce stress

The United States

does not rank well on any key measure of children’s health an well being.

Which of the following is strongly canalized?

infant motor development

Bart and Nadia are gymnasts, Their son, 4-year old Dylan, participates in children’s gymnastics. This is an example of

passive correlation

an ovum bursts from one of the woman’s two ___ and is drawn into one of the two ______

ovaries; fallopian tubes

Following fertilization, a one-celled _______ multiplies and forms a _______

zygote; blastocyte

The most rapid prenatal changes take place in the period of the _____

embryo

By the _____ week of pregnancy, Monica will be able to learn the sex of her fetus

twelfth

Viability occurs to between ________ weeks.

22 and 26

The term teratogen refers to

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

Which of the following is true about the harm done by teratogens?

The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role

Willa gets regular headaches. While pregnant, Willa being using aspirin to ease the pain because she is convinced that aspirin is harmless. What effects can Willa’s regular aspirin use have on the developing organism?

Regular aspirin use is linked to low birth weight and poorer motor development

It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy because

drug using mother often take several drugs, displays there higher-risk behaviors and suffer from poverty

Adolescents prenatally exposed to smoking tend to have________ than those born to mothers who did not smoke.

higher levels of disruptive, aggressive behavior

Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment. What can you tell her about passive smoking?

passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses.

Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception

can alter gene expression

The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy

poorer the child’s intelligence and achievement test scores during school

Untreated HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the deadly virus to the developing organism ________ percent of the time

20-30

frequent, vigorous exercise, especially late pregnancy, results in

lower birth weight than in healthy, non-exercising controls

The poorer the mother’s diet, the _________, especially if malnutrition occurs during the last trimester

greater the loss in brain weight

The effects on stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if the mother

has access to social support during stressful periods.

the Apgar Scale rates the following newborns characteristics:

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

A certified nurse-midwife

has a degree in nursing and additional training in childbirth managament

Epidural analgesia

is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor

Preterm infants

are those born several weeks or more before the due date

Small-for-date infants _______ than preterm infants

more often show evidence of brain damage

A ______ is a inborn, automatic responses to a particular form of stimulation.

reflex

Although newborns sleep more at night than during the day, their sleep-wake cycle are affected more by ______ than by _________.

fullness - hunger; dark - light

_______ doubles the risk of SIDS.

maternal cigarette smoking

Which of the following is supported by research on colic?

Newborns who react especially strongly to unpleasant stimuli are at risk for colic.

______ helps stimulate early physical growth and vital for emotional development as well.

Touch