front 1 developmental science is a field of study devoted to | back 1 understanding constancy and change throughout lifespan |
front 2 Within the _______ view of development, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times. | back 2 discontinuous |
front 3 Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin’s mother emphasizes the role of ______ in development. | back 3 nurture |
front 4 The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is | back 4 multidimensional and multidirectional |
front 5 according to the lifespan perspective, ______ is supreme in its impact on the life course. | back 5 no single age period |
front 6 Which of the following is an example of an age-graded influence? | back 6 Frank got his driver’s license at age 16 |
front 7 Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and health adult. Betty;s ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as | back 7 resilience |
front 8 Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution emphasized ________ and ______. | back 8 natural selection; survival of the fittest |
front 9 G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell, | back 9 launched the normative approach |
front 10 According to the _______ perspective, people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. | back 10 psychoanalytic |
front 11 According to Sigmund Freud, the | back 11 id is the source of basic biological drives and social expectation |
front 12 In contrast to Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson | back 12 pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture’s life situation. |
front 13 In historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that | back 13 children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus |
front 14 According to B.F. Skinner and operant conditioning, _________ will increase the frequency of a behavior and ______ will decrease the frequency of a behavior. | back 14 reinforcement; punishment |
front 15 A(n) _______ period is a time that optimal for certain capacities to emerge. | back 15 sensitive |
front 16 Unlike Jean Piaget. Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a _________ process. | back 16 socially mediated |
front 17 Ecological systems theory views the person as | back 17 developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment |
front 18 A _______ is a prediction about behavior drawn from a _______. | back 18 theory;hypothesis |
front 19 Taking tests and answering questionnaire are examples of | back 19 research methods |
front 20 Dr. Wiren observes children’s responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n) | back 20 naturalistic observation |
front 21 _________ ask research participation to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. | back 21 Self-Reports |
front 22 Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade is using the ________ research method. | back 22 ethnographic |
front 23 In a(n) _____ design, research look at relationship between participations’ characteristics and their behavior or development. | back 23 correlational |
front 24 Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 illegal drugs use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is _________ and ________. | back 24 moderate; positive |
front 25 In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child’s reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the | back 25 child’s reading level in third grade |
front 26 A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can | back 26 examine relationships between early and later behavior |
front 27 In a longitudinal study, _______ effect occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions. | back 27 cohort |
front 28 in a cross-sectional design, researchers study | back 28 groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time. |
front 29 One limitation of debriefing is | back 29 young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures. |
front 30 Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if | back 30 the benefits to society justify the risks to the participants |
front 31 A ______ is a complex blend of genetic information that determines the species and influences unique characteristics. | back 31 genotype |
front 32 Generally, human ________ come in 23 matching pairs. | back 32 chromosomes |
front 33 The sex of a new organism is determined by whether | back 33 the X-bearing sperms or Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum |
front 34 Gilles has had frequent and high exposure to radiation in his occupation for the past ten years. Gilles’s offspring are at greater risks for ________ than children whose father were not exposed to radiation. | back 34 childhood cancer |
front 35 The risk of bearing a child with down syndrome rises dramatically with | back 35 maternal age |
front 36 To detect developmental problems before birth, doctors use | back 36 prenatal diagnostic methods |
front 37 Most adopted children | back 37 become well-adjusted adults |
front 38 Higher SES parents tend to emphasize the importance of ______ for their children, whereas lower SES parents tend to emphasize ______. | back 38 psychological traits; external characteristics |
front 39 of all western nations, ________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children. | back 39 The United States |
front 40 The United States is strongly _____, whereas most Western European countries lean toward _____. | back 40 individualistic; collectivism |
front 41 Among African Americans, living within an extended family tends to produce | back 41 improved child rearing and reduce stress |
front 42 The United States | back 42 does not rank well on any key measure of children’s health an well being. |
front 43 Which of the following is strongly canalized? | back 43 infant motor development |
front 44 Bart and Nadia are gymnasts, Their son, 4-year old Dylan, participates in children’s gymnastics. This is an example of | back 44 passive correlation |
front 45 an ovum bursts from one of the woman’s two ___ and is drawn into one of the two ______ | back 45 ovaries; fallopian tubes |
front 46 Following fertilization, a one-celled _______ multiplies and forms a _______ | back 46 zygote; blastocyte |
front 47 The most rapid prenatal changes take place in the period of the _____ | back 47 embryo |
front 48 By the _____ week of pregnancy, Monica will be able to learn the sex of her fetus | back 48 twelfth |
front 49 Viability occurs to between ________ weeks. | back 49 22 and 26 |
front 50 The term teratogen refers to | back 50 any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period |
front 51 Which of the following is true about the harm done by teratogens? | back 51 The genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role |
front 52 Willa gets regular headaches. While pregnant, Willa being using aspirin to ease the pain because she is convinced that aspirin is harmless. What effects can Willa’s regular aspirin use have on the developing organism? | back 52 Regular aspirin use is linked to low birth weight and poorer motor development |
front 53 It is difficult to isolate the precise damage caused by illegal drugs during pregnancy because | back 53 drug using mother often take several drugs, displays there higher-risk behaviors and suffer from poverty |
front 54 Adolescents prenatally exposed to smoking tend to have________ than those born to mothers who did not smoke. | back 54 higher levels of disruptive, aggressive behavior |
front 55 Maryann is pregnant and works in a smoke-filled environment. What can you tell her about passive smoking? | back 55 passive smoking is related to low birth weight, infant death, and childhood respiratory illnesses. |
front 56 Recent evidence suggests that paternal alcohol use around the time of conception | back 56 can alter gene expression |
front 57 The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy | back 57 poorer the child’s intelligence and achievement test scores during school |
front 58 Untreated HIV-infected expectant mothers pass the deadly virus to the developing organism ________ percent of the time | back 58 20-30 |
front 59 frequent, vigorous exercise, especially late pregnancy, results in | back 59 lower birth weight than in healthy, non-exercising controls |
front 60 The poorer the mother’s diet, the _________, especially if malnutrition occurs during the last trimester | back 60 greater the loss in brain weight |
front 61 The effects on stress on the developing organism can be greatly reduced if the mother | back 61 has access to social support during stressful periods. |
front 62 the Apgar Scale rates the following newborns characteristics: | back 62 appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration |
front 63 A certified nurse-midwife | back 63 has a degree in nursing and additional training in childbirth managament |
front 64 Epidural analgesia | back 64 is the most common approach to controlling pain during labor |
front 65 Preterm infants | back 65 are those born several weeks or more before the due date |
front 66 Small-for-date infants _______ than preterm infants | back 66 more often show evidence of brain damage |
front 67 A ______ is a inborn, automatic responses to a particular form of stimulation. | back 67 reflex |
front 68 Although newborns sleep more at night than during the day, their sleep-wake cycle are affected more by ______ than by _________. | back 68 fullness - hunger; dark - light |
front 69 _______ doubles the risk of SIDS. | back 69 maternal cigarette smoking |
front 70 Which of the following is supported by research on colic? | back 70 Newborns who react especially strongly to unpleasant stimuli are at risk for colic. |
front 71 ______ helps stimulate early physical growth and vital for emotional development as well. | back 71 Touch |