CH.12
Dividing of a cell into two new cells
Mitosis
The totality of a cells DNA
Genome
When DNA is divided into pieces
Chromosomes
Non-reproductive cells that have two sets of chromosomes = Diploid (2N)
Somatic Cells
Reproductive cells that have one set of chromosomes = Haploid (N)
Gametes
Each DNA strand in the duplicated DNA chromosome
Sister Chromatids
Where duplicated DNA molecules attach the sister chromatids
Centromere
What is DNA packaged into?
Chromosomes
Where spindles extend from in animal cells.
centrioles
A complex of proteins associated with the centromere
Kinetochore
What are the functions of Interphase?
What are the three sub-phases that happen during Interphase?
What happens in G1 of Interphase?
Growth of the cell
What happens in S of Interphase?
DNA is replicated
What happens in G2 of Interphase?
Preparing the cell for the Mitotic phase
What are the functions of the Mitotic Phase?
Cell division (splitting of chromosomes / cells)
What are the two sub-phases of the Mitotic (M) Phase?
Involves a single division, and results in two identical daughter cells that each contain the full, diploid genome.
Mitosis
What are the 5 phases of Mitosis?
In what stage of the cell cycle does centrosomes replicate (including centrioles in animals)
G2 of Interphase
The nuclear envelope remains intact in what stage of the cell cycle?
G2 of Interphase
In what stage of the cell cycle are chromosomes that were replicated in S-phase remain diffused (spread out)?
G2 of Interphase
Chromosomes/Chromatin Condense (start to change) in what phase of the cell cycle?
Prophase
The nucleoli disappears in this phase of the cell cycle.
Prophase
Centrosomes separate, moving to opposite poles during what phase in the cell cycle?
Prophase
Mitotic spindle begins to form in what phase of the cell cycle?
Prophase
The nuclear envelope breaks down in the phase
Prometaphase
Spindle microtubules invade the nuclear region in what phase of the cell cycle?
Prometaphase
Kinetochore microtubules attach to centromeres of chromosomes.
(each chromosome is attached to two microtubules, one from each side)
Prometaphase
Centrosomes arrive at opposite ends in what phase?
Metaphase
Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate in what phase?
Metaphase
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase
The cell begins to lengthen via interactions between the non-kinetochore microtubules
Anaphase
Two daughter nuclei reform
Telophase
Chromosomes decondense (go back to diffused state)
Telophase
Cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm occurs concurrently and finishes soon after this phase.
Telophase
Consists of fibers made of microtubules and centrosomes
Mitotic Spindle
Move chromosomes to the metaphase plate
Spindle Microtubules
Some _________ _______________ attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes.
Spindle Microtubules
What type of microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push against each other to elongate the cell?
Nonkinetochore
The separation of chromosomes = _________
and
The division of the cytoplasm = ___________
Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage, forming a cleavage furrow in what type of cell?
Animal Cell
A cell plate forms during cytokinesis in what type of cell?
Plant Cell
Has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received.
Cell Cycle Control System
Either commits to dividing or dies
G1 Checkpoint
Does a final check and looks for any problems
G2 Checkpoint
Checking to see if everything is in order
M Checkpoint
If G1 chooses not to divide where does the cell go?
G0
What cues trigger cell cycle regulation?
Internal and External
Kinetochores that are not attached to spindle microtubules
Internal Cue
DNA that has not completed replication
Internal Cue
Insufficient cell growth
Internal Cue
Growth factors, proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide
External Cue
Density-dependent inhibition
External Cue
Chromosome replication begins. Soon thereafter, one copy of the origin moves rapidly toward the other end of the cell.
Binary Fissioning
Replication continues. One copy of the origin is now at each end of the cell.
Binary Fissioning
Replication finishes. The plasma membrane grows inward, and new cell wall is deposited.
Binary Fissioning
Two daughter cells result.
Prokaryotes reproduce by a type of cell division called?
Binary Fissioning
How do bacteria divide?
Binary Fissioning
What is Binary Fissioning?
A type of cell division
When do Mitotic Spindles begin to form?
In the cytoplasm during prophase
Short microtubules that extend from each centrosome.
Aster Microtubules
Microtubules that elongate by incorporating more subunits of the protein tubulin.
Spindle Microtubules