The major controlling systems of the body.

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Exerts rapid controls via nerve impulses

Nervous System

Exerts a more prolonged effect via hormones

Endocrine System

Hormonally regulated processes

Reproduction

Growth & Development

Maintaining electrolytes

Water & Nutrient balance

Cellular metabolism

Energy balance

Mobilizing body defenses

Ductless, well-vascularized glands that release hormones directly into the blood or lymph.

Endocrine organs

Endocrine organs

pituitary gland

thyroid gland

parathyroid gland

adrenal gland

pineal gland

Organs that contain endocrine tissue

Pancreas

gonads

placenta

Neuroendocrine organ

Hypothalamus

Chemical messengers that act on cells that secrete them

Autocrine

Chemical messengers that act on different cell types nearby

Paracrines

There are two types of hormones.

Steroid base

Amino acid base

How do hormones alter cell activity?

Stimulating or inhibiting characteristic cellular process of target cells

Cells respond to hormone stimulation by either of the following:

Changes in membrane permeability

Enzyme synthesis

Activation or inhibition

Secretory activity

Mitosis

Amino acid-based hormones interact with target cells by:

Second-messenger mechanism

Cyclic AMP system

PIP2-Calcium Signaling mechanism

Cyclic GMP

Cyclic AMP System

Hormone binds to a plasma membrane receptor that couples a G protein. When the G protein is activated, it couples to adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic AMP from ATP. Cyclic AMP initiates reactions that activate protein kinases and other enzymes leading to a cellular response.

PIP Calcium Mechanism

involves phosphatidyl inositol and calcium

Hormones that enter target cells and effect responses by activating DNA, which initiates messenger RNA formation leading to protein synthesis

Steroid Hormones

Thyroid Hormones

A target cells response depends on

Presence of receptors on the plasma membrane or within the cell to which the hormone can bind.

What controls hormone receptors numbers

High or low levels of stimulating hormones

Causes activation of sebaceous glands in the skin

Androgens

Increases skin hydration

Estrogen

Skin produces (provitamin D) or

Cholecalciferol

Regulates calcium blood levels

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Necessary for normal skeletal development

Growth Hormone

T3, T4

Sex Hormones

Essential for normal muscular development

Growth Hormone

Hormones that influence muscle metabolism

Thyroxine

Catecholamines

Hormones that influence normal maturation and function of the nervous system.

Growth Hormone

Thyroxine

Sex Hormones

Controls anterior pituitary function and produce ADH and Oxyctoxin

Hypothalamus

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production

Erythropoietin

Hormone that the heart produces

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Depresses immune response and inflammation

Glucocorticoids

The immune system stimulates the release of

Cortisol

ACTH

Transports hormones through the body

Lymph

Hormone that influence ventilation (dilates bronchioles)

Epinephrine

The lungs converts Angiotensin I into

Angiotensin II

Hormone that influence digestive motility and secretory activity

Catecholamines

Hormones that influence renal function

Aldosterone

Anti-diuretic Hormone

Kidneys activate which vitamin

Vitamin D

Hormones direct reproductive system development and function

Hypothalamic

Anterior pituitary

Gonadal Hormones

Hormones involved in birth and breast feeding

Oxytocin

Prolactin

Three ways endocrine organs are activated

Humoral

Neural

Hormonal

Only system that can override or modulate hormonal effects

Nervous system

Major organs that degrade hormones; products are excreted in urine and feces

Liver

Kidneys

Hormone must be present in order for another hormone to exert its full effects

Permissiveness

Two or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and results are amplified

Synergism

Hormone opposes or reverses the effects of another hormone

Antagonism

A gland that synthesizes two hormones that is exported to the posterior posterior pituitary for storage and release.

Regulates the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary via releasing and inhibiting hormones

Hypothalamus

Stores and releases two hypothalamic hormones

Which hormones are released

Posterior pituitary

Oxytocin

Anti-diuretic Hormones

Stimulates powerful uterine contractions

Triggers labor and deliver of infants

ejects milk in nursing women

Oxytocin

Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb and conserve water

Anti-diuretic Hormone

Released in response to high solute concentrations in the blood and inhibited by low solute concentrations in the blood

Anti-diuretic Hormone

Hyposecretion of this hormone results in diabetes insipidus

Anti-diuretic Hormone

Hormones that regulate the function of other organs

Tropic Hormones

Hypersecretion of the growth hormone in children causes what disease.

Gigantism

Hypersecretion of the growth hormone in adults causes what disease

Acromegaly

Hyposecretion of the growth hormone in children.

Pituitary dwarfism

Hormone that promotes normal development and activity of the thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

Adrenocorticotropic Hormones

The gonadotropin produces two sex hormones

FSH - Follicle-stimulating hormones

LH - Luteinizing hormone

Hormone that stimulates the sex cell production

FSH

Stimulates gonadal hormone production

LH

Promotes milk production in humans

Prolactin

Hyperthyroidism causes this disease.

Graves' disease

Hypothyroidism causes this disease in children.

Cretinism

Hypothyroidism causes this disease in adults

Myxedema

Hyperparathyroidism results in

Hypercalcemia and bone wasting

Hypoparathyroidism results in

hypocalcemia

The two functional portions of the adrenal glands

Cortex

Medulla

Steroid Hormones are formed by

Cholesterol

Hormone that regulates sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion excretion by the kidneys

Mineralocorticoids

Hormones that increase blood glucose, fatty acid and amino acid levels and blood pressure

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

High levels of this hormone depress the immune system and inflammatory response

Glucocorticoids

Hypoactivity of the adrenal cortex results in

Addison's disease

Hyperactivity can result in the following diseases

Aldosteronism

Cushing's Syndrome

Adrenogenital Syndrome

Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are produced in which gland

Adrenal medulla

Hormone that enhance and prolong the fight or flight response

Catecholamines

This hormone is produced in the pineal gland

Melatonin

This organ releases insulin and glucagon

Pancreas

This hormone stimulates the liver to release glucose in the blood

Glucagon

This hormone increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells

Insulin

The ovaries releases these two hormones

FSH

LH

Hormone that stimulates maturation of the female reproductive system and development of the secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen

This hormone responds to the high blood level of LH

Progesterone

The testes produce what hormone

Testosterone

This hormone promotes maturation of the male reproductive organs, produce sperm and development of secondary sex characteristics

Testosterone

What hormone does the heart produce

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

What hormones do the gastrointestinal tract organs produce

Gastrin

Secretin

What hormones do the kidneys produce

Erythropoietin

What hormones do the skin produce

Cholecalciferol

What hormones do the adipose tissue produce

Leptin

Resistin

Adiponectin

What hormone does bone produce

Osteocalcin

What hormone does the thymus produce

Thymulin

Thymosins

Thymopoietins