front 1 The major controlling systems of the body. | back 1 Nervous System Endocrine System |
front 2 Exerts rapid controls via nerve impulses | back 2 Nervous System |
front 3 Exerts a more prolonged effect via hormones | back 3 Endocrine System |
front 4 Hormonally regulated processes | back 4 Reproduction Growth & Development Maintaining electrolytes Water & Nutrient balance Cellular metabolism Energy balance Mobilizing body defenses |
front 5 Ductless, well-vascularized glands that release hormones directly into the blood or lymph. | back 5 Endocrine organs |
front 6 Endocrine organs | back 6 pituitary gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland adrenal gland pineal gland |
front 7 Organs that contain endocrine tissue | back 7 Pancreas gonads placenta |
front 8 Neuroendocrine organ | back 8 Hypothalamus |
front 9 Chemical messengers that act on cells that secrete them | back 9 Autocrine |
front 10 Chemical messengers that act on different cell types nearby | back 10 Paracrines |
front 11 There are two types of hormones. | back 11 Steroid base Amino acid base |
front 12 How do hormones alter cell activity? | back 12 Stimulating or inhibiting characteristic cellular process of target cells |
front 13 Cells respond to hormone stimulation by either of the following: | back 13 Changes in membrane permeability Enzyme synthesis Activation or inhibition Secretory activity Mitosis |
front 14 Amino acid-based hormones interact with target cells by: | back 14 Second-messenger mechanism Cyclic AMP system PIP2-Calcium Signaling mechanism Cyclic GMP |
front 15 Cyclic AMP System | back 15 Hormone binds to a plasma membrane receptor that couples a G protein. When the G protein is activated, it couples to adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic AMP from ATP. Cyclic AMP initiates reactions that activate protein kinases and other enzymes leading to a cellular response. |
front 16 PIP Calcium Mechanism | back 16 involves phosphatidyl inositol and calcium |
front 17 Hormones that enter target cells and effect responses by activating DNA, which initiates messenger RNA formation leading to protein synthesis | back 17 Steroid Hormones Thyroid Hormones |
front 18 A target cells response depends on | back 18 Presence of receptors on the plasma membrane or within the cell to which the hormone can bind. |
front 19 What controls hormone receptors numbers | back 19 High or low levels of stimulating hormones |
front 20 Causes activation of sebaceous glands in the skin | back 20 Androgens |
front 21 Increases skin hydration | back 21 Estrogen |
front 22 Skin produces (provitamin D) or | back 22 Cholecalciferol |
front 23 Regulates calcium blood levels | back 23 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
front 24 Necessary for normal skeletal development | back 24 Growth Hormone T3, T4 Sex Hormones |
front 25 Essential for normal muscular development | back 25 Growth Hormone |
front 26 Hormones that influence muscle metabolism | back 26 Thyroxine Catecholamines |
front 27 Hormones that influence normal maturation and function of the nervous system. | back 27 Growth Hormone Thyroxine Sex Hormones |
front 28 Controls anterior pituitary function and produce ADH and Oxyctoxin | back 28 Hypothalamus |
front 29 Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production | back 29 Erythropoietin |
front 30 Hormone that the heart produces | back 30 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide |
front 31 Depresses immune response and inflammation | back 31 Glucocorticoids |
front 32 The immune system stimulates the release of | back 32 Cortisol ACTH |
front 33 Transports hormones through the body | back 33 Lymph |
front 34 Hormone that influence ventilation (dilates bronchioles) | back 34 Epinephrine |
front 35 The lungs converts Angiotensin I into | back 35 Angiotensin II |
front 36 Hormone that influence digestive motility and secretory activity | back 36 Catecholamines |
front 37 Hormones that influence renal function | back 37 Aldosterone Anti-diuretic Hormone |
front 38 Kidneys activate which vitamin | back 38 Vitamin D |
front 39 Hormones direct reproductive system development and function | back 39 Hypothalamic Anterior pituitary Gonadal Hormones |
front 40 Hormones involved in birth and breast feeding | back 40 Oxytocin Prolactin |
front 41 Three ways endocrine organs are activated | back 41 Humoral Neural Hormonal |
front 42 Only system that can override or modulate hormonal effects | back 42 Nervous system |
front 43 Major organs that degrade hormones; products are excreted in urine and feces | back 43 Liver Kidneys |
front 44 Hormone must be present in order for another hormone to exert its full effects | back 44 Permissiveness |
front 45 Two or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and results are amplified | back 45 Synergism |
front 46 Hormone opposes or reverses the effects of another hormone | back 46 Antagonism |
front 47 A gland that synthesizes two hormones that is exported to the posterior posterior pituitary for storage and release. Regulates the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary via releasing and inhibiting hormones | back 47 Hypothalamus |
front 48 Stores and releases two hypothalamic hormones Which hormones are released | back 48 Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Anti-diuretic Hormones |
front 49 Stimulates powerful uterine contractions Triggers labor and deliver of infants ejects milk in nursing women | back 49 Oxytocin |
front 50 Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb and conserve water | back 50 Anti-diuretic Hormone |
front 51 Released in response to high solute concentrations in the blood and inhibited by low solute concentrations in the blood | back 51 Anti-diuretic Hormone |
front 52 Hyposecretion of this hormone results in diabetes insipidus | back 52 Anti-diuretic Hormone |
front 53 Hormones that regulate the function of other organs | back 53 Tropic Hormones |
front 54 Hypersecretion of the growth hormone in children causes what disease. | back 54 Gigantism |
front 55 Hypersecretion of the growth hormone in adults causes what disease | back 55 Acromegaly |
front 56 Hyposecretion of the growth hormone in children. | back 56 Pituitary dwarfism |
front 57 Hormone that promotes normal development and activity of the thyroid gland | back 57 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
front 58 Hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids | back 58 Adrenocorticotropic Hormones |
front 59 The gonadotropin produces two sex hormones | back 59 FSH - Follicle-stimulating hormones LH - Luteinizing hormone |
front 60 Hormone that stimulates the sex cell production | back 60 FSH |
front 61 Stimulates gonadal hormone production | back 61 LH |
front 62 Promotes milk production in humans | back 62 Prolactin |
front 63 Hyperthyroidism causes this disease. | back 63 Graves' disease |
front 64 Hypothyroidism causes this disease in children. | back 64 Cretinism |
front 65 Hypothyroidism causes this disease in adults | back 65 Myxedema |
front 66 Hyperparathyroidism results in | back 66 Hypercalcemia and bone wasting |
front 67 Hypoparathyroidism results in | back 67 hypocalcemia |
front 68 The two functional portions of the adrenal glands | back 68 Cortex Medulla |
front 69 Steroid Hormones are formed by | back 69 Cholesterol |
front 70 Hormone that regulates sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion excretion by the kidneys | back 70 Mineralocorticoids |
front 71 Hormones that increase blood glucose, fatty acid and amino acid levels and blood pressure | back 71 Glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
front 72 High levels of this hormone depress the immune system and inflammatory response | back 72 Glucocorticoids |
front 73 Hypoactivity of the adrenal cortex results in | back 73 Addison's disease |
front 74 Hyperactivity can result in the following diseases | back 74 Aldosteronism Cushing's Syndrome Adrenogenital Syndrome |
front 75 Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are produced in which gland | back 75 Adrenal medulla |
front 76 Hormone that enhance and prolong the fight or flight response | back 76 Catecholamines |
front 77 This hormone is produced in the pineal gland | back 77 Melatonin |
front 78 This organ releases insulin and glucagon | back 78 Pancreas |
front 79 This hormone stimulates the liver to release glucose in the blood | back 79 Glucagon |
front 80 This hormone increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells | back 80 Insulin |
front 81 The ovaries releases these two hormones | back 81 FSH LH |
front 82 Hormone that stimulates maturation of the female reproductive system and development of the secondary sex characteristics | back 82 Estrogen |
front 83 This hormone responds to the high blood level of LH | back 83 Progesterone |
front 84 The testes produce what hormone | back 84 Testosterone |
front 85 This hormone promotes maturation of the male reproductive organs, produce sperm and development of secondary sex characteristics | back 85 Testosterone |
front 86 What hormone does the heart produce | back 86 Atrial Natriuretic Peptide |
front 87 What hormones do the gastrointestinal tract organs produce | back 87 Gastrin Secretin |
front 88 What hormones do the kidneys produce | back 88 Erythropoietin |
front 89 What hormones do the skin produce | back 89 Cholecalciferol |
front 90 What hormones do the adipose tissue produce | back 90 Leptin Resistin Adiponectin |
front 91 What hormone does bone produce | back 91 Osteocalcin |
front 92 What hormone does the thymus produce | back 92 Thymulin Thymosins Thymopoietins |