EXAM II REVIEW
_________focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
Transmission electron microscope
A process that takes cells apart and seperates the major organelles
Cell fractionation
Organelle responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Chloroplast are present in which types of cells?
Plant cells
Synthesis of lipids takes place in______ endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth
This organelle consists of a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest food particles, damaged organelles, bacteria
Lysosomes
This organelle helps in cellular respiration and generates ATP
Mitochondria
Thylakoids are present in which organelle?
Chloroplasts
________ are made up of Actin filaments
Microfilaments
Name an organelles that contain their own DNA
_______ focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen
Scanning electron mircoscope
Small subunit and large subunit
Ribosomes
Continuous with the nuclear envelope, with ribosomes studding its surface
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Site of protein synthesis, distributes transport vesicles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Continuous with the nuclear envelope, lacks ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. Cis and trans face
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Types of vacuoles
A membranous sac which contains food
Food Vacuoles
A membranous sac in protists
Contractile vacuoles
Pump excess water out of cells
Contractile vacuoles
Membranous sac in plants
Central vacuoles
Hold organic compounds and water
Central vacuoles
Smooth outer membrane, crostata (inner membrane foldings), inter embrace space, matrix contains free ribosomes
Mitochondria
Function in photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Organelle with single membrane
Peroxisomes
Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
Peroxisomes
A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Three types: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Cytoskeleton
Maintainence of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, cell division
Microfilaments
Organizes the cell's structure, shape, and activities, anchoring many organelles
Cytoskeleton
Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables, contains proteins from one of proteins from keratin family
Intermediate filaments
Maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina
Intermediate filaments
Diameters in a middle range, hollow tubes; wall consisting of 13 columns of tubulin molecules
Microtubules
Maintenance of cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movement in cell division, organelle movement
Microtubules
Contains nuclear envelope, double membrane, nuclear pore, nuclear lamina, and nucleolus, and nucleoplasm
Nucleus
Located near nucleus and microtubules organizing center
Centrosomes
Composed of nine sets of triplets microtubules arranged in a ring
Centrioles
Help organize microtubule assembly
Centrioles
Locomotor appendages of animal cells
Cilia and flagella
The quality of an image depends on?
Magnification, Resolution, Contrast
What are the two properties that all cells have?
The inner folded membrane of mitochondria are called____________
Cristae
The channels between the adjacent plant cells are called__________
Plasmodesmata
This type of junction fasten cells together into strong sheets and are also called anchoring junctions
Desmosomes
Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
Tight junctions
Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
Gap junctions
The ratio of an object's image size to its real size
Magnification
The measure of the clarity of the image
Resolution
Visible differences in parts of the sample
Contrast
A selective barrier primarily made of double layer of phospholipids
Plasma membrane
Functions of membrane carbohydrate
Cell to cell recognition
In which type of solution will a plant cell behave NORMAL (turgid)?
Hypotonic
Name the channel protein used for facilitated diffusion of water across the plasma membrane
Aquaporin
A type of Bulk transport where transport vesicles release their content outside the cell is known as?
Exocytosis
During _____ transport a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient
Active
During this type of endocytosis, a cell gulps fluid into vesicles (cellular drinking)
Pinocytosis
Contains DNA
Nucleus
A cell when kept in _______ solution crenates, plasmolyses
Hypertonic
A cell when kept in _______ solution lyses
Hypotonic
A cell when kept in _______ solution is flaccid
Isotonic solution
Diffusion of water molecule across selectively permeable membrane is called
Osmosis
Give an example of active transport?
Sodium potassium pump
All of the above are components of?
Plasma membrane
How does steroid (CHOLESTROL) affect membrane at cooler & warmer temperature?
At warm temperature cholestrol restrains movement of phospholipids and at cooler temperature it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing
The movement of substances down their concentration gradient
Diffusion
Vesicles are involved in what type of transport
Bulk transport
Binding of ligands to receptors trigger vesicle formation in what kinds of Bulk transport?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
What are three types of Endocytosis
Movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the help of carrier proteins
Carrier mediated diffusion
Give an example of carrier mediated diffusion
Glucose
Molecules containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Amphipathic molecules
Name six major functions of membrane proteins
Proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel
Channel proteins
Proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane
Carrier proteins
The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Tonicity
A solution in which solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell and no net movement of water across the plasma membrane
Isotonic solution
A solution in which solute concentration is greater outside the cell; cell loses water
Hypertonic soluotion
A solution in which solute concentration is greater inside the cell; cell gains waterc
Hypotonic solution
The control of water balance
Osmoregulation
In what kind of diffusion does transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane
Facilitated diffusion
What kind of proteins provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane
Channel protein
Name an example of a disease caused by malfunctions in specific transport systems (FROM POWEPOINT)
Cystinuria
In what kind of transport does the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane?
Endocytosis
In what kind of transport does a cell engulf a particle in a vacuole?
Phagocytosis
Any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule
Ligand
______ open or close in response to a stimulus
Ion channels
During this phase of Interphase, the DNA duplication/replication happens
Synthesis phase
Which phase of the cell cycle takes 90% of the entire time required for cell division
Interphase
The narrow waist where two chromatids are joined together is called
Centromere
During this phase of Mitosis, the chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
Prophase
During this phase of Mitosis, two identical nuclei are formed around identical sets of chromosomes
Telophase
Binary fission happens in this type of organisms
Prokaryotic
Cell plate formation and cleavage furrowing are examples of ?
Cytokinesis
Cell plate formation takes place in?
Plant cell
Cleavage furrowing takes place in?
Animal cell
A complex of DNA and protein is called?
Chromatin
Name the two steps of cell cycle
Interphase and Mitotic phase
Key roles of cell division
DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into?
Chromosomes
These cells have two sets of chromosomes
Somatic (non reproductive) cells
In this phase the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
Metaphase
In this phase daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase
DNA is wrapped around which protein?
Histones
Name the three stages of Interphase
The energy in the system is Constant. This is stated in which law of Thermodynamics (1 st or 2 nd )
First law
The site of enzyme where it interacts with its substrate is called?
Active site
The non-protein helpers of the enzyme are known as
Cofactors and Coenzymes
Examples of Coezymes
Vitamins
A reaction that releases energy is known as
Exergonic reaction
Example of endergonic reaction
Photosynthesis
What does the second law of Thermodynamics say
Energy conversions increase the disorder
Name the components of ATP
The target molecule of an enzyme
Substrate
These inhibitors compete for enzyme's active site and block substrates from entering active site
Competitive inhibitors
These inhibitors bind at allosteric sites, change shape of the enzyme
Noncompetitive inhibitors
Zn, Fe, or Cu are examples of
Cofactors
Energy of motion
Kinetic energy
Energy as a result of its location
Potential energy
The capacity to do work
Energy
Cellular respiration is a example of
Exergonic reaction
Requires an input of energy and yields products rich in potential energy
Endergonic reaction
How many ATP molecule(s) are formed through the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during cellular respiration
38 ATPs
Name the molecule which acts as the final electron acceptor of the hydrogen ion and converts it into water
Oxygen
Which molecule is oxidized during cellular respiration
Glucose
How many ATP molecules are formed during energy pay-off phase of glycolysis
4 ATPs
Which steps of cellular respiration involve substrate level phosphorylation
Glycolysis and Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle)
During the Bridge reaction, Pyruvic acid is converted to?
Acetyl CoA
NADH AND FADH 2 are?
Electron carriers
How many total NADH molecule(s) are formed during the Kreb cycle (ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE)
6 NADH
What is the location/site for Electron transport chain
Cristae of Mitochondria
The process through which glucose molecules are converted into ethanol and CO 2 in the absence of oxygen is known as
Alcohol fermentation
Substance gains electrons
Reduction
Oxidation and reduction reactions are called
Redox reactions
What is the net ATPS and NADH gain at the end of Glycolysis?
2 ATPs and 2 NADHs
Where does glycolysis takes place?
Cytosol/Cytoplasm
The Krebs cycle generates_______ATP,_______NADH, and ______FADH2 per one glucose molecule
2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH 2
Which step of cellular respiration generates 90% of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is the location of chemiosmosis?
Mitochondrial matrix
Which steps of cellular respiration require oxygen
How many ATPs are produced during substrate level phosphorylation?
4 ATPs
Where does bridge reaction takes place?
Mitochondrion
What percentage of energy of a glucose molecule is converted into ATP?
40%
Cheese and yogurt are formed through what type of fermentation?
Lactic acid fermentation
Substrate level phosphorylation generates what percentage of total ATP produced during cellular respiration?
10%
What organic molecule is produced at the end of glycolysis?
Pyruvic acid
These organisms are producers of the biosphere
Autotrophs
These organisms are the consumers of the biosphere
Heterotrophs
The green pigment within chloroplast
Chlorophyll
CO2 enters and O2 exits the lead through these microscopic pores
Stomata
Connected sacs in the chloroplasts
Thylakoids
Thylakoids stacked in columns
Grana
A dense fluid in chloroplast
Stroma
The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
Photosynthesis
Photo in photosynthesis means?
Light reaction
Synthesis in photosynthesis means?
Calvin cycle or dark reaction
What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide and water
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose, water, and oxygen
What is oxidized and reduced in photosynthesis?
Water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced
Where does light reaction takes place?
Thylakoids membrane
Where does Calvin cycle takes place?
Stroma
Which stage of photosynthesis produces oxygen?
Light reaction
Name the organic molecule formed during dark reaction
Sugar
Which photosystem releases NADPH?
Photosystem I
P700 is the other name for which photosystem?
Photosystem I
The distance between crest of waves
Wavelength
Lower wavelength =?
More energy
Consists of wavelengths that drive photosynthesis
Visible light
Light consists of discrete particles called?
Photons
Substances that absorb visible light
Pigments
These assessor pigments absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophylll
Carotenoids
Which photosystem functions first
Photosystem II
In which stage of light reaction the water molecule is split?
Photosystem II
What is the other name for Calvin cycle?
Dark reaction
During which stage of photosynthesis, sugar is produced?
Dark reaction or Calvin cycle
Which stage of photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide?
Calvin cycle
Three phases of Calvin cycle in order
Carbon fixation is catalyzed by?
Rubisco
Name the organic molecule which is regenerated in the Calvin cycle
Ribulose bisphosphate
What is the name of the sugar produced during Calvin cycle?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
ATP and NADPH is used up during which stage of photosynthesis?
Calvin cycle
How many molecules of CO 2 are fixed for net synthesis of 1G3P?
Three molecules of CO 2