front 1 _________focus a beam of electrons through a specimen | back 1 Transmission electron microscope |
front 2 A process that takes cells apart and seperates the major organelles | back 2 Cell fractionation |
front 3 Organelle responsible for protein synthesis | back 3 Ribosomes |
front 4 Chloroplast are present in which types of cells? | back 4 Plant cells |
front 5 Synthesis of lipids takes place in______ endoplasmic reticulum | back 5 Smooth |
front 6 This organelle consists of a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest food particles, damaged organelles, bacteria | back 6 Lysosomes |
front 7 This organelle helps in cellular respiration and generates ATP | back 7 Mitochondria |
front 8 Thylakoids are present in which organelle? | back 8 Chloroplasts |
front 9 ________ are made up of Actin filaments | back 9 Microfilaments |
front 10 Name an organelles that contain their own DNA | back 10
|
front 11 _______ focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen | back 11 Scanning electron mircoscope |
front 12 Small subunit and large subunit | back 12 Ribosomes |
front 13 Continuous with the nuclear envelope, with ribosomes studding its surface | back 13 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
front 14 Site of protein synthesis, distributes transport vesicles | back 14 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
front 15 Continuous with the nuclear envelope, lacks ribosomes | back 15 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
front 16 Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. Cis and trans face | back 16 Golgi Apparatus |
front 17 Modifies, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles | back 17 Golgi Apparatus |
front 18 Types of vacuoles | back 18
|
front 19 A membranous sac which contains food | back 19 Food Vacuoles |
front 20 A membranous sac in protists | back 20 Contractile vacuoles |
front 21 Pump excess water out of cells | back 21 Contractile vacuoles |
front 22 Membranous sac in plants | back 22 Central vacuoles |
front 23 Hold organic compounds and water | back 23 Central vacuoles |
front 24 Smooth outer membrane, crostata (inner membrane foldings), inter embrace space, matrix contains free ribosomes | back 24 Mitochondria |
front 25 Function in photosynthesis | back 25 Chloroplasts |
front 26 Organelle with single membrane | back 26 Peroxisomes |
front 27 Produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water | back 27 Peroxisomes |
front 28 A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Three types: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules | back 28 Cytoskeleton |
front 29 Maintainence of cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, cell division | back 29 Microfilaments |
front 30 Organizes the cell's structure, shape, and activities, anchoring many organelles | back 30 Cytoskeleton |
front 31 Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables, contains proteins from one of proteins from keratin family | back 31 Intermediate filaments |
front 32 Maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina | back 32 Intermediate filaments |
front 33 Diameters in a middle range, hollow tubes; wall consisting of 13 columns of tubulin molecules | back 33 Microtubules |
front 34 Maintenance of cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movement in cell division, organelle movement | back 34 Microtubules |
front 35 Contains nuclear envelope, double membrane, nuclear pore, nuclear lamina, and nucleolus, and nucleoplasm | back 35 Nucleus |
front 36 Located near nucleus and microtubules organizing center | back 36 Centrosomes |
front 37 Composed of nine sets of triplets microtubules arranged in a ring | back 37 Centrioles |
front 38 Help organize microtubule assembly | back 38 Centrioles |
front 39 Locomotor appendages of animal cells | back 39 Cilia and flagella |
front 40 The quality of an image depends on? | back 40 Magnification, Resolution, Contrast |
front 41 What are the two properties that all cells have? | back 41
|
front 42 The inner folded membrane of mitochondria are called____________ | back 42 Cristae |
front 43 The channels between the adjacent plant cells are called__________ | back 43 Plasmodesmata |
front 44 This type of junction fasten cells together into strong sheets and are also called anchoring junctions | back 44 Desmosomes |
front 45 Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid | back 45 Tight junctions |
front 46 Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells | back 46 Gap junctions |
front 47 The ratio of an object's image size to its real size | back 47 Magnification |
front 48 The measure of the clarity of the image | back 48 Resolution |
front 49 Visible differences in parts of the sample | back 49 Contrast |
front 50 A selective barrier primarily made of double layer of phospholipids | back 50 Plasma membrane |
front 51 Functions of membrane carbohydrate | back 51 Cell to cell recognition |
front 52 In which type of solution will a plant cell behave NORMAL (turgid)? | back 52 Hypotonic |
front 53 Name the channel protein used for facilitated diffusion of water across the plasma membrane | back 53 Aquaporin |
front 54 A type of Bulk transport where transport vesicles release their content outside the cell is known as? | back 54 Exocytosis |
front 55 During _____ transport a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient | back 55 Active |
front 56 During this type of endocytosis, a cell gulps fluid into vesicles (cellular drinking) | back 56 Pinocytosis |
front 57 Contains DNA | back 57 Nucleus |
front 58 A cell when kept in _______ solution crenates, plasmolyses | back 58 Hypertonic |
front 59 A cell when kept in _______ solution lyses | back 59 Hypotonic |
front 60 A cell when kept in _______ solution is flaccid | back 60 Isotonic solution |
front 61 Diffusion of water molecule across selectively permeable membrane is called | back 61 Osmosis |
front 62 Give an example of active transport? | back 62 Sodium potassium pump |
front 63
All of the above are components of? | back 63 Plasma membrane |
front 64 How does steroid (CHOLESTROL) affect membrane at cooler & warmer temperature? | back 64 At warm temperature cholestrol restrains movement of phospholipids and at cooler temperature it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing |
front 65 The movement of substances down their concentration gradient | back 65 Diffusion |
front 66 Vesicles are involved in what type of transport | back 66 Bulk transport |
front 67 Binding of ligands to receptors trigger vesicle formation in what kinds of Bulk transport? | back 67 Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
front 68 What are three types of Endocytosis | back 68
|
front 69 Movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the help of carrier proteins | back 69 Carrier mediated diffusion |
front 70 Give an example of carrier mediated diffusion | back 70 Glucose |
front 71 Molecules containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions | back 71 Amphipathic molecules |
front 72 Name six major functions of membrane proteins | back 72
|
front 73 Proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel | back 73 Channel proteins |
front 74 Proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane | back 74 Carrier proteins |
front 75 The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water | back 75 Tonicity |
front 76 A solution in which solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell and no net movement of water across the plasma membrane | back 76 Isotonic solution |
front 77 A solution in which solute concentration is greater outside the cell; cell loses water | back 77 Hypertonic soluotion |
front 78 A solution in which solute concentration is greater inside the cell; cell gains waterc | back 78 Hypotonic solution |
front 79 The control of water balance | back 79 Osmoregulation |
front 80 In what kind of diffusion does transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane | back 80 Facilitated diffusion |
front 81 What kind of proteins provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane | back 81 Channel protein |
front 82 Name an example of a disease caused by malfunctions in specific transport systems (FROM POWEPOINT) | back 82 Cystinuria |
front 83 In what kind of transport does the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane? | back 83 Endocytosis |
front 84 In what kind of transport does a cell engulf a particle in a vacuole? | back 84 Phagocytosis |
front 85 Any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule | back 85 Ligand |
front 86 ______ open or close in response to a stimulus | back 86 Ion channels |
front 87 During this phase of Interphase, the DNA duplication/replication happens | back 87 Synthesis phase |
front 88 Which phase of the cell cycle takes 90% of the entire time required for cell division | back 88 Interphase |
front 89 The narrow waist where two chromatids are joined together is called | back 89 Centromere |
front 90 During this phase of Mitosis, the chromatin condenses to form chromosomes | back 90 Prophase |
front 91 During this phase of Mitosis, two identical nuclei are formed around identical sets of chromosomes | back 91 Telophase |
front 92 Binary fission happens in this type of organisms | back 92 Prokaryotic |
front 93 Cell plate formation and cleavage furrowing are examples of ? | back 93 Cytokinesis |
front 94 Cell plate formation takes place in? | back 94 Plant cell |
front 95 Cleavage furrowing takes place in? | back 95 Animal cell |
front 96 A complex of DNA and protein is called? | back 96 Chromatin |
front 97 Name the two steps of cell cycle | back 97 Interphase and Mitotic phase |
front 98 Key roles of cell division | back 98
|
front 99 DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into? | back 99 Chromosomes |
front 100 These cells have two sets of chromosomes | back 100 Somatic (non reproductive) cells |
front 101 In this phase the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell | back 101 Metaphase |
front 102 In this phase daughter chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell | back 102 Anaphase |
front 103 DNA is wrapped around which protein? | back 103 Histones |
front 104 Name the three stages of Interphase | back 104
|
front 105 The energy in the system is Constant. This is stated in which law of Thermodynamics (1 st or 2 nd ) | back 105 First law |
front 106 The site of enzyme where it interacts with its substrate is called? | back 106 Active site |
front 107 The non-protein helpers of the enzyme are known as | back 107 Cofactors and Coenzymes |
front 108 Examples of Coezymes | back 108 Vitamins |
front 109 A reaction that releases energy is known as | back 109 Exergonic reaction |
front 110 Example of endergonic reaction | back 110 Photosynthesis |
front 111 What does the second law of Thermodynamics say | back 111 Energy conversions increase the disorder |
front 112 Name the components of ATP | back 112
|
front 113 The target molecule of an enzyme | back 113 Substrate |
front 114 These inhibitors compete for enzyme's active site and block substrates from entering active site | back 114 Competitive inhibitors |
front 115 These inhibitors bind at allosteric sites, change shape of the enzyme | back 115 Noncompetitive inhibitors |
front 116 Zn, Fe, or Cu are examples of | back 116 Cofactors |
front 117 Energy of motion | back 117 Kinetic energy |
front 118 Energy as a result of its location | back 118 Potential energy |
front 119 The capacity to do work | back 119 Energy |
front 120 Cellular respiration is a example of | back 120 Exergonic reaction |
front 121 Requires an input of energy and yields products rich in potential energy | back 121 Endergonic reaction |
front 122 How many ATP molecule(s) are formed through the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during cellular respiration | back 122 38 ATPs |
front 123 Name the molecule which acts as the final electron acceptor of the hydrogen ion and converts it into water | back 123 Oxygen |
front 124 Which molecule is oxidized during cellular respiration | back 124 Glucose |
front 125 How many ATP molecules are formed during energy pay-off phase of glycolysis | back 125 4 ATPs |
front 126 Which steps of cellular respiration involve substrate level phosphorylation | back 126 Glycolysis and Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle) |
front 127 During the Bridge reaction, Pyruvic acid is converted to? | back 127 Acetyl CoA |
front 128 NADH AND FADH 2 are? | back 128 Electron carriers |
front 129 How many total NADH molecule(s) are formed during the Kreb cycle (ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE) | back 129 6 NADH |
front 130 What is the location/site for Electron transport chain | back 130 Cristae of Mitochondria |
front 131 The process through which glucose molecules are converted into ethanol and CO 2 in the absence of oxygen is known as | back 131 Alcohol fermentation |
front 132 Substance gains electrons | back 132 Reduction |
front 133 Oxidation and reduction reactions are called | back 133 Redox reactions |
front 134 What is the net ATPS and NADH gain at the end of Glycolysis? | back 134 2 ATPs and 2 NADHs |
front 135 Where does glycolysis takes place? | back 135 Cytosol/Cytoplasm |
front 136 The Krebs cycle generates_______ATP,_______NADH, and ______FADH2 per one glucose molecule | back 136 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH 2 |
front 137 Which step of cellular respiration generates 90% of ATP? | back 137 Oxidative phosphorylation |
front 138 What is the location of chemiosmosis? | back 138 Mitochondrial matrix |
front 139 Which steps of cellular respiration require oxygen | back 139
|
front 140 How many ATPs are produced during substrate level phosphorylation? | back 140 4 ATPs |
front 141 Where does bridge reaction takes place? | back 141 Mitochondrion |
front 142 What percentage of energy of a glucose molecule is converted into ATP? | back 142 40% |
front 143 Cheese and yogurt are formed through what type of fermentation? | back 143 Lactic acid fermentation |
front 144 Substrate level phosphorylation generates what percentage of total ATP produced during cellular respiration? | back 144 10% |
front 145 What organic molecule is produced at the end of glycolysis? | back 145 Pyruvic acid |
front 146 These organisms are producers of the biosphere | back 146 Autotrophs |
front 147 These organisms are the consumers of the biosphere | back 147 Heterotrophs |
front 148 The green pigment within chloroplast | back 148 Chlorophyll |
front 149 CO2 enters and O2 exits the lead through these microscopic pores | back 149 Stomata |
front 150 Connected sacs in the chloroplasts | back 150 Thylakoids |
front 151 Thylakoids stacked in columns | back 151 Grana |
front 152 A dense fluid in chloroplast | back 152 Stroma |
front 153 The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy | back 153 Photosynthesis |
front 154 Photo in photosynthesis means? | back 154 Light reaction |
front 155 Synthesis in photosynthesis means? | back 155 Calvin cycle or dark reaction |
front 156 What are the reactants for photosynthesis? | back 156 Carbon dioxide and water |
front 157 What are the products of photosynthesis? | back 157 Glucose, water, and oxygen |
front 158 What is oxidized and reduced in photosynthesis? | back 158 Water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced |
front 159 Where does light reaction takes place? | back 159 Thylakoids membrane |
front 160 Where does Calvin cycle takes place? | back 160 Stroma |
front 161 Which stage of photosynthesis produces oxygen? | back 161 Light reaction |
front 162 Name the organic molecule formed during dark reaction | back 162 Sugar |
front 163 Which photosystem releases NADPH? | back 163 Photosystem I |
front 164 P700 is the other name for which photosystem? | back 164 Photosystem I |
front 165 The distance between crest of waves | back 165 Wavelength |
front 166 Lower wavelength =? | back 166 More energy |
front 167 Consists of wavelengths that drive photosynthesis | back 167 Visible light |
front 168 Light consists of discrete particles called? | back 168 Photons |
front 169 Substances that absorb visible light | back 169 Pigments |
front 170 These assessor pigments absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophylll | back 170 Carotenoids |
front 171 Which photosystem functions first | back 171 Photosystem II |
front 172 In which stage of light reaction the water molecule is split? | back 172 Photosystem II |
front 173 What is the other name for Calvin cycle? | back 173 Dark reaction |
front 174 During which stage of photosynthesis, sugar is produced? | back 174 Dark reaction or Calvin cycle |
front 175 Which stage of photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide? | back 175 Calvin cycle |
front 176 Three phases of Calvin cycle in order | back 176
|
front 177 Carbon fixation is catalyzed by? | back 177 Rubisco |
front 178 Name the organic molecule which is regenerated in the Calvin cycle | back 178 Ribulose bisphosphate |
front 179 What is the name of the sugar produced during Calvin cycle? | back 179 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) |
front 180 ATP and NADPH is used up during which stage of photosynthesis? | back 180 Calvin cycle |
front 181 How many molecules of CO 2 are fixed for net synthesis of 1G3P? | back 181 Three molecules of CO 2 |