Group of cells combine to form

Tissue

The example of Jack rabbit exchanging heat with the environment and maintaining constant body temperature shows which living characteristic of living organisms?

Regulation

Viruses that infect and takeover bacteria are called?

Bacteriophage

What type of data involve descriptions rather than measurements?

Qualitative

Name the organisms that can only replicate/divide when inside its host

Viruses

The branch of science that helps in naming, identification and classification of species is called?

Taxonomy

Kingdom is the broadest unit of classification. True or False

False

The Kingdom Fungi is grouped under which domain?

domain Eukarya

What is the total number of domains under which all living organisms are classified into?

Three

Give any example of an Ecosystem

Desert, Rainforest, Deciduous forest, grassland, ocean, tundra, coral reef etc...

Name the characteristics of life

Order
Regulation
Energy processing
Evolutionary adaptation
Growth/development
Response to the environment
Reproduction

What are characteristics of Viruses?

A borrowed life

What is the name of the largest virus discovered?

Mimivirus

How many species are identified and named to date?

approx. 1.8 million

Name the three domains

domain Bacteria
domain Eukarya
domain Archaea

What kingdoms are included in domain Eukarya?

Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Biology

scientific study of life

Levels of organization in ascending order

Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cell
Tissues
Organ
Organ systems
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere

Communities

entire array of organism inhabiting a particular ecosystem

Populations

all individuals of a species living within the bounds of specified area

Organisms

individual living things

Organ systems

various organ constitutes to from organ system

Organ

carries particular function in the body

Tissues

group of similar cells

Cells

fundamental unit of structure and function

Organelles

various functional components that make up the cell

Molecule

chemical structure consisting of two or more atoms

Levels of classification is descending order

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

What are Darwin's two points?

- species showed evidence of "descent with modification" from common ancestors
- natural selection is the mechanism behind "descent with modification"

What are Darwin's observations?

- individuals in a population have traits that vary
- many of these traits are heritable
- more offspring are produced that survive
- competition is inevitable
- species generally suit their environment

What are Darwin's inferences?

- individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
- over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits

What are two main types of scientific inquiry?

discovery science (inductive) and hypothesis-based science(deductive)

Discovery science

describes natural structures and processes

Data

recorded observations or items of information

Name the two categories of data

Qualitative and Quantitative

Qualitative data

descriptions rather than measurements

Quantitative data

recorded measurements

Inductive reasoning

deriving general principles from particular facts or instances

Hypothesis

a tentative answer to a well-framed question

Deductive reasoning

uses general premises to make specific predictions

Why do we need controlled experiments?

to cancel the effects of unwanted variables

Limitations of Science

-observations and experimental results must be repeatable
- cannot support or falsify supernatural explanations

What is a theory

- broader in scope than a hypothesis
- general, can lead to new testable hypotheses
- supported by large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis

What are models?

representations of natural phenomena

Diagrams, 3D objects, Computer programs, mathematical equations are examples of?

Models

How do scientists communicate with each other?

seminars, publications, and websites

Substance consisting of two or more elements in fixed ratio is called

compound

How many electrons are there in valence shell of oxygen

six

Atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus

Goiter is caused by the deficiency of which trace element?

Iodine

Covalent bond

formed by sharing pairs of valence electrons

Sodium chloride is formed by which bond?

Ionic bond

Chemical equilibrium

the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

Give an example of polar molecule

Water, Methane etc..

Water molecules are hold together by which type of bond?

Hydrogen bond

An oxygen molecule is formed by non-polar covalent bond. True or False

True

Element

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reaction

Matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

Name the four essential elements that constitute 96% of living matter

hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen

Name the elements that constitute 4% of living matter

calcium, phosphorous, potassium, and sulfur

Name the subatomic particles that an atom is composed of

proton, neutron, and electron

Trace elements

elements required in minute quantities

Isotopes

two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons

Mass number

number of protons + number of neutrons

Radioactive isotopes

decay spontaneously giving of particles and energy

Applications of radioactive isotopes

dating fossils
tracing atoms through metabolic processes
diagnosing medical disorders

Valence electrons

electrons in the outer most shell of an atom

Electron shell

electron's state of potential energy

Energy

capacity to cause change

Potential energy

the energy that matter has because of its location or structure

Orbital

3D space where an electron is found 90% of the time

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Structural formula

H-H

Molecular formula

H2

Nonpolar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

Polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

Ionic bond

transfer of electrons

Anions

ions with a negative charge

Cations

ions with a positive charge

Electronegativity

atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

Chemical reactions

making and breaking of chemical bonds

Reactants

starting molecules of a chemical reaction

Products

final molecules of a chemical reaction

Hydrogen bonds

forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

Which of the following is the electron distribution diagram of Neon (Atomic #10)

Four properties of water

cohesive behavior
ability to moderate temperature
expansion upon freezing
versatility as a solvent

Cohesion

hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together

Adhesion

attraction between different substances

Moderation of temperature

Heat is absorbed
Heat is released
Evaporating cooling

Evaporating cooling

as liquid evaporates its remaining surface cools

Name the property that helps transport of water against gravity in plants

cohesion

A solution in which water is a solvent is called

aqueous solution

A mixture that is homogeneous mixture of substances

solution

Dissolving agent of the solution

solvent

Substance that is dissolved

solute

Type of substance that does not have an affinity for water are called?

Hydrophobic

Type of substance that does have an affinity for water are called?

Hydrophilic

Stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

colloid

A substance that reduces H+ ion concentration

Base

pH for neutral solution

pH 7

A substance which has less OH- conc and more H+ conc is ?

acid

Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

Buffers

HCl, NaOH are examples of

Buffers

Between pH 10 and pH 2, which one has more OH- ions concentration

pH 10

Acid precipitation

refers to rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower than 5.6

What makes large, complex molecules possible?

tetravalence

Frequent partners of carbon

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

In figure above, in which way do the carbon skeleton differ between the two organic compounds?

Length

In figure above, in which way do the carbon skeleton differ between the two organic compounds?

Branching

In figure above, in which way do the carbon skeleton differ between the two organic compounds?

Double bonds

In figure above, in which way do the carbon skeleton differ between the two organic compounds?

Rings

Isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

The above structure is an example of what type of isomer?

Structural isomers

The above structure is an example of what type of isomer?

Geometric isomers

The above structure is an example of what type of isomer?

Enantiomers

Name the seven functional groups discussed in class

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
Methyl

Hydroxyl

Carbonyl

Carboxyl

Amino

Sulfhydryl

Phosphate

Methyl

Carboxylic group is found in what type of chemical compound?

acid

Macromolecules

large molecules composed of thousands of monomers

Polymer

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

Monomers

the small building block molecules

Condensation reaction

two monomers bonding (loss of water molecule)

Hydrolysis

polymers are broken down into monomers (addition of water)

Name the subgroups of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

Name the types of monosaccharide

ketoses
aldoses

Is glucose aldose or ketose

aldose

Is fructose aldose or ketose

ketose

Name the different types of polysaccharides

storage polysaccharides
structural polysaccharides

Carbohydrates are formed by what kind of bonds?

glycosidic linkage

Function of carbohydrates

energy source

Name the subgroups of lipids

fats
phospholipids
steroids

Lipids are formed by what kind of bonds?

ester linkages

Building blocks of lipids

glycerol + fatty acids

Building blocks of phospholipids

phosphate group + fatty acids

Building blocks of steroids

four fused carbon rings

Functions of lipids

long term energy storage
membranes
insulation
sex hormones

Saturated fats

fatty acids containing no double bonds

Unsaturated fats

fatty acids containing one or more double bonds

Where are phospholipids found?

cell membranes

Cholesterol

a steroid in animal cell membrane

What are subgroups of proteins?

Enzymatic
Structural
Storage
Transport
Hormonal
Receptor
Contractile and motor
Defenisve

Proteins are formed by which bonds?

peptide bonds

What are building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

Transthyretin is an example of?

protein

What are amino acids

organic molecules with carboxyl, and amino groups

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine are examples of?

Nonpolar amino acids

Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine are examples of?

Polar amino acids

Four levels of protein structure

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

Primary structure

the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Secondary structure

result from hydrogen bond between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

α helix and β pleated sheet are examples of?

secondary structure

Tertiary structure

determined by interactions between R groups

Disulfide bridges

reinforce the protein structure

Quaternary structure

two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecules

Hemoglobin results from which level of protein structure?

quaternary protein structure

Chitin is an example of?

structural polysaccharide

Polypeptides

polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

Name the subgroups of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

Nucleic acids are formed by which kind of bonds

hydrogen bonds

What are building blocks for nucleic acids

Nucleotide

What is nucleotide made up of

Phosphate + pentose sugar + nitrogenous base

What is nucleoside

pentose sugar + nitrogenous base

What are functions of nucleic acids?

genetic material

Name all nitrogenous bases

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)

Which bases are pyrimidines?

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Which bases are purines?

Adenine and Guanine

Adenine pairs with? (DNA)

Thymine

Guanine pairs with?

Cytosine

Adenine pairs with? (RNA)

Uracil

How do RNA and DNA differ

RNA has one more oxygen then DNA in the pentose sugar