Microbes are not responsible for:

antibody production

The cell theory states that_______are made up of cells.

All living things

In Pasteur's swan neck flask experiment, the importance of the S-shaped curves in the flasks was two-fold. The curves allowed entry of air, and yet excluded:

Airborne bacteria

Pasteurization was first developed to kill_______in wine.

Spoilage bacteria

Robert Koch's studies on Bacillus anthracis established a sequence of experimental steps to prove that microbes:

Cause disease

An exposure to________protects against infection with smallpox.

Cowpox

Ehrlich searched for a/an___________. This is a chemical that would hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host.

Magic bullet

How would you recognize an antibiotic-producing soil bacterium on a plate crowded with other bacteria? The bacterial colony producing the antibiotic would be:

Surrounded by a clear area

The usefulness of antibiotics is hampered by:

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

All life can be classified into three domains:

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Which is not a characteristic of bacteria?

Bacteria have cell walls containing chitin.

All of the following are eukaryotes except:

Bacteria

Which of the following is not true of the archaea?

They are commonly associated with human disease.

Using microbes to clean up pollutants is called:

Bioremediation

Placing the DNA from an animal cell into the genome of a bacterium will allow the bacterium to produce an animal product. This new piece of DNA is referred to as:

Recombinant DNA

Which of the following properties are true of both bacteria and viruses?

Both use a molecule of nucleic acid to determine heredity

Which is not a characteristic of the normal microbiota?

Regularly associated with disease symptoms

Increased human exposure to new and unusual infectious agents in areas that are undergoing ecologic changes accounts for the:

emergence of new infectious disease

Mad cow disease is caused by a prion which is an infectious:

Protein

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is transmitted by:

Person-to-person contact

Robert Hooke's observation of the individual units in thin layers of cork tissue led to the development of______theory.

cell

Pasteur, Bassi, and Lister made discoveries showing the relationship between microbes and diseases. These discoveries led to the_______.

germ theory

Lister knew that carbolic acid (phenol) kills bacteria. He used it as the first_______.

disinfectant

The protection from disease provided by vaccination is called______.

immunity

One of the biggest challenges for immunologists today is learning how the immune system might be stimulated to ward off the virus responsible for __________, a disease that destroys the immune system.

AIDS

The __________ are unicellular, eukaryotic microbes that move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia

protozoa

Methods that prevent contamination of materials by unwanted microbes are called __________ techniques.

aseptic

__________ involves the ability afforded by genetic engineering to insert a missing gene or replace a defective gene in a human cell.

Gene therapy

__________ disease is one in which pathogens invade a susceptible host.

Infectious

Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and algae are all examples of __________.

microorganisms

Microorganisms

minute living things that are to small to be seen with the unaided eye

Devised the system for naming organisms

Carolus Linnaeus

Devised cell theory, said life smallest structures looked like little boxes

Robert Hooke

Methanogens, Extreme Halophilic, Extreme Thermophilic

Three main groups of Archaea

Rod shaped bacteria

Bacilli

Developed the first vaccine, vaccinated children from small pox

Edward Jenner

First microbiologist, discovered and viewed bacteria and protozoa

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Ball shaped bacteria

Cocci

Small internal structures that do a job for the cell

Organelles

English bacteriologist who discovered penicillin (1881-1955

Alexander Fleming

polysaccharides

chitin

Spiral shaped bacteria

Spirilli

Three shapes of bacteria

Bacilli, Cocci, Spirilli

Likes salty conditions

Extreme Halophilic

Likes hot conditions

Extreme Thermophilic

Two types of Fungi:

Yeasts and Molds

Visible masses on mold composed from hyphae

Mycelia

Fungi, multicellular, forms mycelia

Mold

Long filaments in mycelia

Hyphae

False feet

Pseudopods

Short appendages

Cilia

Living cells come from living cells

Biogenenis

Life comes from non-living matter

Spontaneous Generation

Tested two jars with raw meat, one with a gauze for air and the other without a lid or gauze, the jar without the lid or gauze developed maggots

Francesco Redi

Disproved spontaneous generation, developed aseptic techniques to prevent contamination, discovered how fermentation and pasteurization work

Louis Pasteur

Heating to kill bacteria that causes spoilage

Pasteurization

Yeasts convert sugars into alcohol in the absence of air

Fermantation

Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths, Viruses

Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Said cells arise from preexisting cells

Rudolf Virchow

Established the system of nomenclature for naming organisms

Carolus Linnaeus

devised a system of classification for grouping organisms into domains

Carl Woese

laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory

Robert Hooke

was the first to observe microorganisms using a simple microscope

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

demonstrated that maggots appeared on decaying meat only when flies were able to lay eggs on the meat

Francesco Redi

claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth; claimed a
“vital force” was necessary for spontaneous generation

John Needham

suggested that Needham’s results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth

Lazzaro Spallanzani

showed the importance of oxygen to life

Anton Laurent Lavoisier

introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from preexisting cells

Rudolf Virchow

demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis;
discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms; found that yeast ferment sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid; technique of pasteurization is named after him

Louis Pasteur

originally proved one silkworm disease was caused by a fungus; he and Pasteur later found that a more recent silkworm infection was caused by a protozoan

Agostino Bassi

demostrated that physicians who did not disinfect their hands routinely transmitted infections

Ignaz Semmelweis

used phenol red (carbolic acid) to successfully treat surgical wounds thereby proving a connection with microbes and surgical infection

Joseph Lister

proved that microorganisms cause disease; he used a
sequence of procedures, now called Koch’s postulates, that are used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease

Robert Koch

demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to smallpox

Edward Jenner

introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called
salvarsan to treat syphilis

Paul Ehrlich

observed that the Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture. He named the active ingredient penicillin

Alexander Fleming

Researchers who studies biodegradation of toxic wastes.

Biotechnology and Microbial Ecology

Researchers who studies the causative agent of Ebola hemorrhagic fever

Virology

Researchers who studies the production of human proteins by bacteria

Biotechnology, Microbial Genetics and Microbial physiology

Researchers who studies the symptoms of AIDS

Immunology

Researchers who studies the production of toxins by E.coli

Microbial physiology

Researchers who studies the life cyle of Crptosporidium

Microbial ecology

Researchers who develops gene therapy for a disease

Microbial genetics

Researchers who studies the fungus Candida albicans

Mycology

Not composed of cells

Viruses

Cell wall made of chitin

Fungi

Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Bacteria

Cell wall made of cellulose; photosynthetic

Algae

Unicellular, complex cell structure lacking a cell wall

Protozoa

Multicellular animals

Helminths

Prokaryote without peptidoglycan cell wall

Archaea

Discovered how DNA controls proteins synthesis in a cell

Jacob and Monod

Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another

Lederberg and Tatum

First to characterize a virus

Stanley

Observed that viruses are filterable

Iwanowski

Proved that DNA are is the hereditary material

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

Showed that gene codes for enzymes

Beadle and Tatum

Spliced animal DNA to bacterial DNA

Berg

Used bacteria to produce acetone

Weizmann

Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent

Ehrich

Proposed a classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls

Lancefield