bones

rigid stuctures that form the skeleton

joints

locations where two bones meet / allow movement

muscle

tissues that contract to create movement

ligaments

connective tissue that connects BONE TO BONE

tendons

connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

cartilage

flexible tissue that cushions joints

bone structure

• stores minerals such as calcium/ phosphorus

bone marrow

soft tissue inside bones that produces blood cells

types of bones

long bones

longer than they are wide (femur )

types of bones

short bones

sube shaped (wrist bones)

types of bones

flat bones

thin protective bones ( ribs/skull)

types of bones

irregular bones

complex (vertebrae)

joints

joint

point where two bones connect

joints

ball and socket joint

allows movement in many directions (hips/shoulder)

joints

hinge joint

allows bending / straightening

joints

pivoet joint

allows rotation (neck)

muscles

skeletal mucles

voluntary muscle attached to bones

muscles

muscle contractions

shortening of muscle fibers to move a bone

muscles

muscles work in pairs one contracts while the other relaxes

cartilage

smooth flexible connective tissue covering the bone ends

• reduces friction between bones during movement
• act as a shock absorber
• dammage to this= arthritis

aging

sarcopenia

age related loss to msucle mass/ strength

functional mobility

ability to perform daily movement task such as walking or standing

effects of immobility

muscle atrophy

wasting / decrease in muscle size from lack of use

effects of immobility

contrcature

permanent tightening of muscles/ joints

nero assessment

5 P'S

• pain
• pallor
• pulselessness
• parathesia- numbness/ tingling
• paralysis / inability to move. (late sign)
• poikilothermia

closed fracture

bone broken but skin intact

open fracture

bone breaks through the skin

comminuted fracture

bone shattered into several peices

greenstick fracture

incomplete break often seen in children

cast

rigid immobilization device surrounding the injured limb

splint

supportive device that stabilizes but allows swelling

immobilization

restricting movement to allow healing

traction

• use of weights & pulleys to align bones & reduces muscle spasms

skin tracction

applied to skin using straps

skeletal tractions

applied directly to bone using pins

compartment syndrome

increased pressure within muscle compartments reducing blood flow

fat embolism

fat globules enter blood stream after long bone fracture (petechial rash)

osteomyelitis

infection of bone tissue

assitive devices cane height

wrist level

asssitive devices crutches

elbows flexed 30 degree

-weight on hand grips

-4 point gait = most stable

traction

• weights must hang freely
• trapeze var= helps pt move in bed
• risk: immobility complications

dignostic test

EMG

no caffeine / smoking

diagnostic test

MRI

remove all metal / stay still

diagnostic test

Arthroscopy

monitor pulses

joint replacment

hip precautions

-****NO CROSSING LEGS/ NO BENDING MORE THAN 90 DEGREES