autoimmune disorder

the immune system attacks the body's own tissues

-often genetic + environmental triggers

auto inflammatory diseases

dysregulation of the innate immune system causing recurrent, inflammation and fever

-usually genetic

signs and symptoms for autoimmune disorders

can be vague and occur over years

assigned considerations for immunocompromised

make sure ill coworkers are not assigned to acre for immunocompromised patients

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

chronic autoimmune disease-causing inflammation and tissue damage

(forms): discoid-skin; systemic-multi-organ; drug-induced (usually reversible)

systemic lupus erythematosus

exposure/triggers

sun exposure and certain medications, such as oral contraceptives, sulfas, and PCN, may cause a flare-up

triggers include:

stress, smoking, certain medications

SLE s/s

• joint pain and swelling
• fatigue (hallmark)
• fever
• malar
• photosensitivity
• alopecia
• oral ulcers
• weight loss
• lymphadenopathy
• edema

autoimmune and auto inflammatory

S/S

fatigue

fever

joint pain

swelling

GI symptoms

Lymph node enlargement

diagnosis criteria

for SLE

• Clinical symptoms
• autoantibodiess
• organ involvement

Hodgkins lymphoma

cancer of the lymphatic system originating in lymphocytes

presence of Hodgkins lymphoma- reed Sternberg cells

non Hodgkins inclsue

B-CELL AND T-CELL types

lymphoma

classifications and staging of these two diseases relies heavily on microscopic examination of tissues and diagnostic studies

Hodgkins lymphoma etiology.

causes- unknown

bimodal age distribution (young adults and >55)

risk factors: Epstein Barr virus, genetic susceptibly, and immune suppression

Hodgkins lymphoma pathoohsyiology

painless enlarged lymph nodes (neck, mediastinum)

spread through lymphatic system

systemic B symtoms- fever, night sweats, weight loss, and pruitus

remission

disease is under control

relapse

reappearance of cancer/abnormal cells

non-hodgkins lymphoma

etiology and pathophysiology

• seventh most common cancer in men and women
• incidence is higher in men than women
• less predictable and tends to spread to other body sites much more rapidly than HL.

non- Hodgkins lymphoma

S/S

painless lymph node enlargement

• systemic symtoms (fever, night swears, weight loss)
• organ involvement( GI, bone marrow, CNS)

lymphedema

lymphatic obstruction--> fluid accumulation--> swelling

common causes lymphedema

• lymph node removal (cancer surgery)
• radiation therapy
• trauma
• infection (filarias in endemic regions)

primary lymphedema

inherited form due to a congenital condition in which there is deficient growth of the lymphatic system, especially in lower extremity

secondary lymphedema

acquired form due to an obstruction cause by trauma to the lymph vessels and nodes- most common form

secondary lymphedema symptoms

patients may present with a variety of symptoms, including restricted range of motion; heavy feeling; aching discomfort; recurrent infections; and thick, hard skin

treatment for secondary lymphedema

compression bandaging, elevation, compression garments, exercise, skin care, injury prevention

NO CURE-LIFELONG MANAGEMENT

Fibromyalgia

chronic pain disorder with central pain sensitization not inflammatory or autoimmune

-more common in women aged 20-50

fibromyalgia

hyperalgesia

heightened response to painful stimuli

fibromyalgia

allodynia

pain response to non painful stimuli

fibromyalgia

symptoms

• tension or migraine headaches
• jaw and facial tenderness
• insomnia or waking up feeling just attired as when you went to sleep
• vertigo
• anxiety / depressio n

Allergy and Hypersensitivity Reactions

Allergy – an abnormal response to certain substances.

Hypersensitivity Reaction – the body’s excessive response to a normally harmless substance. Is also an allergic reaction.

Anaphylaxis – an extreme allergic reaction that is life threatening.

Mast cells- Release chemical mediators such as histamine into connective tissue

Allergy and Hypersensitivity: Signs and Symptoms

Itchy, red, watery eyes

Soft palate pruritus

Clear rhinorrhea

Sneezing

Erythema

Edema

Dyspnea and wheezing

Four Broad Categories of Allergens

contactants

Direct contact with mucosa, skin or tissue (dust, soaps, lotions)

Four Broad Categories of Allergens

ingestants

Swallowed (foods, drugs)

Four Broad Categories of Allergens

inhalants

entry through the nose or mouth

Four Broad Categories of Allergens

injectables

Via needles, snake bites, insect bites and or stings, meds, vaccines, venoms.

Primary Allergic Conditions

Anaphylaxis

Angioedema

Asthma

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

Food allergy or intolerance

Perennial allergic rhinitis or sinusitis

Seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (hay fever)

Urticaria