Who is considered the "father of Western medicine"?

Hippocrates

Who was the first to observe "animalcules" under the microscope?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Which of the following is a prokaryotic microorganism?

Cyanobacterium

Not a subfield of microbiology?

Botany

You place a specimen under the microscope and notice that parts of the specimen begin to emit light immediately.

Fluorescent

Microscope for small surface structures of a cell

SEM

Mordant used in gram staining?

Iodine

Microscope that shines a cone of light so that light only hits the specimen indirectly, producing a light image on a dark background

Darkfield

Prokaryotic cell that is COMMA shaped?

Vibrio

Bacterial cell walls are primarily composed of which of the following?

Peptidoglycan

Which of the following organelles is not part of the endomembrane system?

Peroxisome

Uptake of small dissolved molecules into vesicles:

Pinocytosis

The term microbiota refers to which of the following?

Microorganisms in a region of body

type of interaction between two prokaryotic populations in which one population benefits and the other is not affected?

commensalism

Which of the following is the organelle that spirochetes use to propel themselves?

axial filament

photosynthesis performed by bacteria with the use of water as the donor of electrons?

oxygenic

Archaea and Bacteria are most similar in terms of their _

unicellular structure

Molecules bearing both polar and nonpolar groups are said to be which of the following?

amphipathic

Proteomic analysis is a methodology that deals with which of the following?

all proteins of an organism

organism that obtains its energy from the transfer of electrons originating from chemical compounds and its carbon from an inorganic source?

Chemoautotroph

are organic molecules that help enzymes work correctly?

coenzymes

Which is the location of electron transport systems in prokaryotes?

Cytoplasmic membrane

is not an electron carrier within an electron transport system?

ATP synthase

Which of the following is the purpose of fermentation?

regenerate NAD+

Is not produced during breakdown on phospholipids?

glucose

Which is NOT part of nitrogen → nitrogen gas conversion?

nitrogen fixation

Glycolysis requires oxygen or another inorganic final electron acceptor to proceed.

False

What is the function of the Z ring in binary fission?

contractile ring at septum

If a culture starts with 50 cells, how many cells will be present after five generations with no cell death?

1600

Quorum sensing is used by bacterial cells to determine which of the following?

Population density

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. It does not grow in the absence of oxygen.

Obligate aerobe

A soup container was forgotten in the refrigerator and shows contamination. The contaminants are probably which of the following?

psychrotrophs

Which of the following is the reason jams and dried meats often do not require refrigeration to prevent spoilage?

low water activity

Which of the following environments would harbor psychrophiles?

Mountain lake 12 deg cel

EMB agar is an example of which of the following?

Selective + differential + complex

not found with DNA?

Amino acids

Which of the following statements about base pairing in DNA is incorrect?

Adenine binds guanine

Which of the following is not involved in the initiation of replication?

Ligase

Which of the following components is involved in the initiation of transcription?

promoter

Which component is the last to join the initiation complex during the initiation of translation?

Large subunit

When the ribosome reaches a nonsense codon, which of the following occurs?

polypeptide released

Which of the following refers to the uptake of naked DNA from the surrounding environment?

transformation

Which of the following refers to the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer naturally responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes within a bacterial population?

conjugation

All of the following are processes used to introduce DNA molecules into bacterial cells except:

transcription

The enzyme that uses RNA as a template to produce a DNA copy is called:

reverse transcriptase

Which biosafety level is appropriate for research with microbes or infectious agents that pose moderate risk to laboratory workers and the community, and are typically indigenous?

BSL- 2

Which of the following is suitable for use on tissues for microbial control to prevent infection?

Antiseptic

Which of the following microbial control methods does not actually kill microbes or inhibit their growth but instead removes them physically from samples?

Filtration

Bleach is an example of which group of chemicals used for disinfection?

Halogens

The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants has historically been compared to that of which of the following?

Phenol

Which type of test is used to determine whether disinfectant solutions actively used in a clinical setting are being used correctly?

In-use test

Which of the following refers to a germicide that can kill vegetative cells and certain enveloped viruses but not endospores?

low-level

Which of the following routes of administration would be appropriate and convenient for home administration of an antimicrobial to treat a systemic infection?

oral

Which of the following combinations would most likely contribute to the development of a superinfection?

Long-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

Which of the following terms refers to the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the target microbe without harming the host?

selective toxicity

Which of the following does not bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit?

tetracyclines

Which of the following would be a sign of an infection?

fever

During an oral surgery, the surgeon nicked the patient's gum with a sharp instrument and bacterial endocarditis developed. Which type of disease is this?

iatrogenic

A communicable disease that can be easily transmitted from person to person is which type of disease?

contagious

Which of the following is a pathogen that could not be identified by the original Koch's postulates?

Human immunodeficiency virus

Which of the following would be a virulence factor of a pathogen?

A surface protein allowing binding to host cells

Which of the following lists the steps of pathogenesis in correct order?

Exposure, adhesion, invasion, infection

A new toxin is gram-negative, protein, highly toxic, heat labile, and targets liver cells. What is its classification?

exotoxin

Major virulence factor for Cryptococcus:

capsule

Which pathogen undergoes antigenic variation?

plasmodium

Transmission of disease via mosquito bite is which type?

Biological vector transmission

Contaminated well from cattle pasture is which type of transmission?

Vehicle transmission

Which is NOT an emerging disease?

tuberculosis

Why focus on emerging diseases with few cases?

they are increasing therefore not controlled

Bacteriocins and defensins are:

Antimicrobial peptides

Chemical mediator secreted onto skin surface:

sebum

Complement pathway triggered by acute-phase protein binding:

lectin

White blood cells are:

Leukocytes

White blood cells are also referred to as:

Leukocytes

Granulocytes are which type of cell?

Leukocyte

PAMPs are found on:

Pathogen

Swelling due to inflammation:

edema

Inflammation at site of injury or infection:

acute

The innate nonspecific immune system is:

Generalized defenses against groups of pathogens

Cellular adaptive immunity is carried out by:

T cells

Most antigenic molecules are:

proteins

A superantigen:

Activates T cells nonspecifically and uncontrollably

Cytotoxic T cells bind:

Antigens presented with MHC I molecules

Rabies antibody injection after bite is:

Artificial passive immunity

Cold infection and recovery with immunity after is:

Natural active immunity

Type I hypersensitivity cells include

Mast cell

An immune complex is:

Antibody and antigen molecules

Which cells are primarily responsible for adaptive immunity?

lymphocytes

Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?

B cells

Cell-mediated immunity is mainly carried out by:

T cells

Main feature of adaptive immunity is:

Specificity and memory

Antibodies are produced after B cells become:

Plasma cells

Helper T cells function by:

Activating other immune cells

Activating other immune cells

Infected host cells

Memory cells are important because they:

Provide faster response upon re-exposure

Vaccination works mainly by stimulating:

Adaptive immune memory

Adaptive immunity is best described as:

slow first, stronger later

The wheel under the stage that adjusts the amount of light is called the:

Diaphragm

Prokaryotes usually have a single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotes usually have multiple origins of replication

True

good

luck!!