phagocytosis

eating away @ microorganisms.

antigen

fights off specific antigens

autoimmune disease

where the body is attacking itself

bone marrow

immune cells are produced

thymus gland

where T cells mature

Lymph nodes/ vessels

filter lymph and house lymphocytes

what is the purpose of vasodilation ?

healing

neonates are susceptible to infection because?

they have an immature immune system

the first response in the body's defense against the injury is:

infection

adaptive immune system response includes 2 major pathways

• humoral immunity- B cells produce antibodies
• cell mediated immunity- T cells destroy infected cells

immunoglobins (antibodies)

given due to not having these or a decrease of them in the body

cell medicated response

secondary response which involves T cell lymphocytes

-clone itself and go to where it is needed in the body

why are vaccines given?

to allow your body to build up to immunity to that specific one (ex:flu)

active immunity

• natural
• infection recovery
• artificial
• vaccination

passive immunity

• natural
• maternal antibodies
• artificial
• immune globin injection

lymph node biopsy

tissue obtained by needle aspiration, excision, or needle punch

histamine

released from mast cells/basophils;vasodilation;permability

kinins

inflammatory mediators causing vasodilation and pain

prostaglandins

group of lipids derived from mast cells and basophils

leukotreines

a group of lipids derived from mast cells and basophils. causes contraction of bronchial smooth

cytokines

signaling proteins regulating immune respons

what are the three areas swollen glands occur?

axilla, groin, and neck

first line of defense (innate immunity)

• skins
• tears
• earwax
• mucous membranes
• urinary tract defenses

when is the thymus gland the largest?

during childhood and adolescence

-after adolescence it begins to shrink in size, and its production of T lymphocytes decreases

what does aging do to the skin?

causes skin to become thin, less elastic, and more prone to injury; skin is the first barrier encountered by pathogens

what can the presence of chronic disease do to the immune?

decreases the immune response

what two systems work together to defend against internal and external threats ?

immune and lymphatic systems

inflammation response

• inflammation causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
• this produces redness, warmth, swelling and pain
• remove downstream vasoconstriction line

adaptive immune résonne includes two major pathways

humoral immunity- B cells produce antibodies

cell mediated immunity- T cells destroy infected cells

IgG

crosses placenta (provides fetal immunity)

• most abundant; crosses placenta

IgM

first antibody produced in infection

IgA

found in mucous membranes and breast milk

IgE

allergic reactions and parasitic defense

ind

B cell receptor

cell medicated response

Secondary

secondary response which involves T cell lymphocytes

• involves whole cells called sensitized lymphocytes and occurs in the tissues
• they have been sensitized to a specific antigen after first contact with It

maintaining a healthy immune system

• eating right and getting enough rest and exercise
• frequently skipping meals, eating unhealthy meals, sleeping too little, or not exercising weakens the immune system and makes people more susceptible to pathogens

immunizations

a proven way to decrease illness for individuals and the spread of disease in communities

skin testing

one of the most used techniques to measure immunity and identify people who may have a dormant infectious disease

tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test)

identify those who might need treatment for TB

Allergy skin testing

scratch, intradermal and patch

skin testing

several types of skin testing may also be done to identify allergens

• a scratch test (also called prick test or puncture test)
• intradermal injection of allergens
• patches containing allergens
• inflammation and itching identify those allergens that provoke the immune system

laboratory tests

lab tests on blood and serum give important information regarding the status of the immune system

imaging studies

computed tomography (CT) , magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) can all be utilized to evaluate the thymus gland and other tissue structures of the immune system

planning

• protect from infection
• improve health status
• maintain high degree of wellness to promote optimal immune function

implementation

meticulous adherence to standard precautions including appropriate hand hygiene

-implementation of protective isolation promotion of balanced, adequate nutrition

evaluation

• determine whether expected outcomes are being met
• gather follow up data
• evaluate effectiveness of nursing and medical interventions

a rise in body temp signals a normal immune response to infection

(t/f)

true

why do you want to avoid aggressive cooling?

it causes shivering, which increases temperature and oxygen demand

immunosepression

patients can become immunosuppressed from the disease process or medical treatment

-strict infection control and neutropenic precautions must be followed

nutrition and immunosuppression

neutropenic precations

• avoid sick contact
• strict hand hygiene
• avoid raw foods if severely immunocompromised
• avoid fresh flowers