musculoskeletal system

body system responsible for movement , support and protection

bones

rigid structure that form Skelton

joints

locations where two bones meet and allow movement

muscles

tissues that connect to create movement

cartilage

flexible tissue that cushion joints

bone

dense connective tissue forming the skeleton

bone marrow

soft tissue inside bones that produce blood cells

long bones

longer than they are wide (ex femur)

short bones

cube shaped bones (ex wrist)

flat bones

thin protective bones (ex ribs, skull)

irregular bones

complex shapes (ex vertebrae)

joint (articulation)

point where two bones connect

ball and socket joint

allows movement in many directions (hip, shoulder)

hinge joint

allows bending and straightening (Knee , elbow)

pivot joint

allows rotation

muscle

tissue that contracts to create movement

skeletal muscle

voluntary muscle attached to bones

muscle contratcion

shortening of muscle fibers to move a bone

cartilage

Smoot flexible connective tissue covering bone ends

cartilage actions

• reduces friction between bones during movement
• acts as a shock absorber in joints
• damage to cartilage contributes to arthritis

bone density

amount of mineral content in bone decrease with age

sarcopenia

age related loss of muscle mass and strength

functional mobility

ability to perform daily movement tasks such as walking or standing

muscle atrophy

wasting or decrease in muscle size from lack of use

contracture

permeant tightening of muscles or joints

venous thrombosis

blood clot that forms in a vein

neuromuscular assent

evaluation of circulation and nerve function in a extremity such as fractures, cast or orthopedic surgery

the 5 P's

• pain
• pallor
• pulselessness
• parenthesia
• paralysis

parathesia

numbness or tingling sensation

paralysis

inability to move the affected limb

fracture

break in continuity of a bone

reduction

process of realigning a fractured bone

closed reduction

realignment without surgery

open reduction

with surgery realignment

fixation

stabilization of bone with devices such as plates, screw, or rods

traction

use of weights and pulleys to align bones and reduce muscle spams

skin traction

applied to skin using straps

skeletal traction

applied directly to bone using pins

compartment syndrome

increase pressure within muscle compartments reducing blood flow

fat embolism

fat globules enter blodostream after long bone fracture

osteomyelitis

infection of bone tissue

venous thrombosis

clot formation due to immobility

nursing intervention for fall prevention

• safe environment
• assistive devices
• mobility support

how often do you do ROM exercises ?

3-4 times/day

contractures begin when?

within 3 days

goniometry

measures range of motion

bone remodeling

osteoblast actiivty

sprain

ligament injury

strain

muscle/tendon injury

dislocation

• complete joint displacement
• severe pain, deformity
• risk: nerve and vessel injury

neuromuscular assessment 6 p's

• pain
• pallor
• pulselessness
• parasthesia
• paralysis
• poikilothermia

cast report immediately

• increased pain
• numbness/tingling
• pale/cool skin
• odor or drainage

assistive devices

• cane height= wrist level
• crutches= elbow flexed 30 degrees & weight on hand grips
• four-pint gait= most stable

traction

• weights must hand freely
• maintain alignment
• trapeze bar= helps patient move in bed
• risk: immobility complications

EMG

no caffeine or smoking

MRI

remove all metal& stay still

dexa scan

diagnosis osteoporosis

arthroscopy

monitor pulses

fracture emergency care

• ABC'S
• control bleeding
• immobilize
• neuromuscular checks

fat embolism

• long bone fracture complication
• respiratory distress
• confusion
• petechial rash- small dotted rashes

EMERGnacy for venous thromoembolism

• risk: immobility
• leg swelling
• pain
• SOB(EMERGANCY)

osteomyelitis

• bone infection
• fever
• pain
• swelling

gout

• uric acid buildup
• severe joint pain
• teaching: hydration and diet (no red meats / alcohol)

arthritis

• osteoarthritis: wear and tear

rheumatoid

autoimmune symmetrical

joint replacement

• early mobility
• pain control
• prevent DVT
• hip precautions:z no crossing legs, bending <90 degrees

amputation

• priority: bleeding and shock
• prevent contractures
• phantom limb pain

report NOW

• numbness= not normal
• pale/cold limb
• coruscation problems= emergency
• severe pain
• SOB
• fever/drainage

priority rule

• CIRULATION
• PAIN
• THAN EVERYHTHING ELSE