Plasticity means

ability to change based on experience

During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel

1. The inactivation gate is open

2. The inactivation gate is closed

3. The channel is permeable to Na+

both 1 and 2 are true

In temporal summation, a single predication neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

fires as a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold

Hearing your phone ring in an otherwise quiet lecture hall is an example of which of the following types of nervous system functions

sensory function

which of the following types of neurons is exclusively found in the cerebellum

purkinje cells

the motor portion of the autbomic nervous system can be divided into

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

wallerian degeneration refers to

degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury

which cell is a neuroglial cell that removes debris and acts as a phagocyte

Mircroglia

The cell that forms the myelin sheath around the axon is labeled

Schwanncells

which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord

multipolar neuron

Which of the following types of neurons have one axon and one dendrite emerging from the cell body and are found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olafactory region of the brain

bipolar neuron

This type of nervous tissues contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells

gray mater

A neurotransmitter that binds to an ionotropic receptor that contains a chlordie channel would be classified as an

inhibitory neurotransmitter and would produce an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron

Which of the following types of electrical signals allow rapid long distance communication within the nervous system

nerve action potential

A polsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitter released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

either EPSPs or IPSPs

Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical excitability

Muscle cells & neurons

In the process of spatial summation ___ are added together and ___ are subtracted from that total to determine whether__ will be created at the trigger sone of the postsynaptic neuron

EPSPs; IPSPs; action potential

Which type of axons has the largest diameter

A fibers

Which type of channels is involved in leaking sodium and potassium ions across the membrane in order to establish the resting potential of a cell

leakage channels

When the summed total of postsynaptic potential rises above threshold creation of action potential occurs

at the trigger zone

Chromatoylsis refers to

break up of modal bodies after neural injury

Faster communication and sychronized are two advantages of

electrical synapses

Na+/K+-ATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because

It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

Which of the following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons

Nissl body

Which neuroglial cell forms and maintains the myelin sheath around CNS axons

Oligodendrocytes

An excitatory neurotransmitter ___ the postsynaptic membrane

Depolarizes

Which of the following neurotranmitters are used in vitrually all of the inhibitory synapases found in the spinal cord

gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine

This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body

bipolar neuron

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from

-40 to -90 mV

Which of the following is NOT considered a small molecule neurotransmitter

endorphins

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

remove a neurotransmitter

The nervous system is the body’s what

principal control and integrating system

The nervous systems respond how many functions

3 main functions

Sensory

detection of changes inside and outside the body by specialized cells called sensory receptors

Intergrative

interpretation of the changes detected by the sensory mechanisms

Motor

reacting to changes through the action of the organ systems such as the glands(always releasing something) and muscles

The central nervous system is made up of

brain (85 billion neurons), spinal cord (100 million neurons)

Central nervous system is the

source of thoughts, emotions, and memories and signals that stimulate muscle contraction and gland secretion originate here

The peripheral nervous system is made up of

cranial nerves (12 pairs), spinal nerves(31 pairs)

Somatic NS is what

under voluntary control, includes sensory neurons that convert info to the CNS from receptors in the head, body wall, limbs, and from special senses receptors

The nervous system that includes motor neurons that conduct impulses to skeletal muscles only

Somatic NS (peripheral nervous system)

Autonomic NS

under involuntary control includes sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS primarily from visceral organs

the nervous system that includes motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Autonomic NS( peripheral nervous system)

Enetric NS

under involuntary control consist of over 100 million neurons in enteric plexuses

neurons

cells that conduct nerve impulses

Oligodendrocytes

most common glial cell type. Form myelin sheath around more than one axon in the CNS

Microglial

engage in phagocytosis of cellist debris and damaged nervous tissue. Small cells with slender processes with spine like projections

Schwann cells

produce myelin sheath around single axons and participate in axon regeneration

Cell body (soma)

contains a single nucleus and granular cytoplasm

Dendrites

recieve stimuli and convey nerve impulses to the cell body

Axon

conducts impulses from the neuron to the dendrites of another neuron or to an effector organ of the body

The axon and axon collaterals terminate in fine filaments known as axon terminals OR

Telodendria

Afferent sensory neurons

nerve cells that conduct impulses from the sensory receptors towards the brain

Efferent motor neurons

nerve cells that conduct impulses from the brain towards the effectors ( muscles and glands)

The ability to produce nerve impulses ( nerve action potential) is dependent on

membrane potentials and ion channels

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

inhibitory neurotransmitters used in 1/3 of all brain synapses