respiration

the receiving of oxygen from the environment and the releasing of carbon dioxide as a waste product in organisms

cellular respiration

the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells

reactants of cellular respiration

oxygen and glucose

products of cellular respiration

water, carbon, dioxide, ATP

equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> ATP + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

aerobic

ATP madewith oxygen, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

anaerobic

ATP made without oxygen, glycolysis

Is all of glucoses energy able to be harvested in cellular respiration?

No. In anaerobic, only 2% is released, while it is 40% in aerobic.

aerobic respiration has 4 stages

glycolysis, formation of acetyl-CoA, Krebs (citric acid) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)

glycolysis

the exergonic redox breaking of sugar in half into 2 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules in the cytoplasm, anaerobic

glycolysis equation

1 glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ --> 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2 NADH

What happens to the electrons and protons in NADH?

2 electrons and one proton go into NADH, while the other proton goes into the intermembrane space

How is glycolysis a source of ATP?

very minor, with 2 net, 4 produced, 2 needed to start

formation of acetyl-CoA

each pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A after being transported to the mitochondrion

acetyl-CoA equation

2 pyruvic acid + 2 coenzyme A + 2 NAD+ --> 2 Acetyl-CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)

the enzyme complex where the process of turning pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA occurs

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

each of the two acetyl-CoA's enters one at a time, where all their carbons are converted to CO2 byproduct in the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane

products of Krebs Cycle

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, oxaloacetate, CO2 for both acetyls

reactants of Krebs Cycle

2 acetyl-CoA, oxaloacetate

How is the Krebs Cycle a source of ATP?

2 net via substrate-level phosphorylation, 4 produced, 2 needed to start, mainly just supplies electron transport chain with electrons

What is the process of conversion for Krebs?

6-carbon citric acid is formed, eventually turned back into oxaloacetate

electron transport chain

electrons ( and their hydrogen atoms) are removed from a molecule of glucose, carrying the energy previously stored in the glucose's chem bonds, and passed down a series of protein carrier molecules embedded in the cristae in the inner mitochondrial membrane

electron carriers

shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain (e.g. NADH and FADH2)

What happens to the electrons in electron carriers?

hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons, with H2 forming 2H+ and 2e-

What happens to electrons in the electron transport chain?

each hands down electrons to the next molecule, releasing energy little by little until reaching the final electron acceptor

final electron acceptor

MUST be oxygen, combines with electrons and hydrogens to form water, pulls down electrons with its electronegativity

Where do the electron transport chains occur?

chloroplasts, mitochondria, prokaryotic plasma membranes

What is the terminal electron acceptor in photosynthesis?

NADP+

How much ATP is gained from the electron transport chain?

net of 34

products of the electron transport chain

water, 1.5x2NAD+. 2.5x8NAD+, 1.5x2FAD+. ATP most

reactants of electron transport chain

10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 O2

chemiosmosis

the pumping of ions and diffusion of ions to create ATP, as electrons passed down chain hydrogen ions (protons) that split off from hydrogen atom are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space

pH gradient (proton gradient)

formed when hydrogen ions pumped, want to diffuse

oxidative phosphorylation

when electrons are given up (oxidized) and ADP is (phosphorylated) made into ATP, as hydrogen ions can only diffuse through ATP synthase channels

ATP synthase channels

contain ADP and Pi which connect when protons flow through the channels

substrate-level phosphorylation

an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic substrate molecule to ADP, turning it into ATP and a new organic molecule, does not need a membrane unlike electron transport chain

reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction

the movement of electrons from one molecules to another, requires a donor and receiver (always paired / coupled)

in cellular respiration, BLANK is reduced and BLANK is oxidized

oxygen, glucose

in photosynthesis, BLANK is reduced and BLANK is oxidized

CO2, water