front 1 respiration | back 1 the receiving of oxygen from the environment and the releasing of carbon dioxide as a waste product in organisms |
front 2 cellular respiration | back 2 the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells |
front 3 reactants of cellular respiration | back 3 oxygen and glucose |
front 4 products of cellular respiration | back 4 water, carbon, dioxide, ATP |
front 5 equation for cellular respiration | back 5 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> ATP + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O |
front 6 aerobic | back 6 ATP madewith oxygen, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain |
front 7 anaerobic | back 7 ATP made without oxygen, glycolysis |
front 8 Is all of glucoses energy able to be harvested in cellular respiration? | back 8 No. In anaerobic, only 2% is released, while it is 40% in aerobic. |
front 9 aerobic respiration has 4 stages | back 9 glycolysis, formation of acetyl-CoA, Krebs (citric acid) cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis) |
front 10 glycolysis | back 10 the exergonic redox breaking of sugar in half into 2 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules in the cytoplasm, anaerobic |
front 11 glycolysis equation | back 11 1 glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ --> 2 pyruvic acid + 4 ATP + 2 NADH |
front 12 What happens to the electrons and protons in NADH? | back 12 2 electrons and one proton go into NADH, while the other proton goes into the intermembrane space |
front 13 How is glycolysis a source of ATP? | back 13 very minor, with 2 net, 4 produced, 2 needed to start |
front 14 formation of acetyl-CoA | back 14 each pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A after being transported to the mitochondrion |
front 15 acetyl-CoA equation | back 15 2 pyruvic acid + 2 coenzyme A + 2 NAD+ --> 2 Acetyl-CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH |
front 16 pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) | back 16 the enzyme complex where the process of turning pyruvic acid into acetyl-CoA occurs |
front 17 Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | back 17 each of the two acetyl-CoA's enters one at a time, where all their carbons are converted to CO2 byproduct in the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane |
front 18 products of Krebs Cycle | back 18 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, oxaloacetate, CO2 for both acetyls |
front 19 reactants of Krebs Cycle | back 19 2 acetyl-CoA, oxaloacetate |
front 20 How is the Krebs Cycle a source of ATP? | back 20 2 net via substrate-level phosphorylation, 4 produced, 2 needed to start, mainly just supplies electron transport chain with electrons |
front 21 What is the process of conversion for Krebs? | back 21 6-carbon citric acid is formed, eventually turned back into oxaloacetate |
front 22 electron transport chain | back 22 electrons ( and their hydrogen atoms) are removed from a molecule of glucose, carrying the energy previously stored in the glucose's chem bonds, and passed down a series of protein carrier molecules embedded in the cristae in the inner mitochondrial membrane |
front 23 electron carriers | back 23 shuttle electrons to the electron transport chain (e.g. NADH and FADH2) |
front 24 What happens to the electrons in electron carriers? | back 24 hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons, with H2 forming 2H+ and 2e- |
front 25 What happens to electrons in the electron transport chain? | back 25 each hands down electrons to the next molecule, releasing energy little by little until reaching the final electron acceptor |
front 26 final electron acceptor | back 26 MUST be oxygen, combines with electrons and hydrogens to form water, pulls down electrons with its electronegativity |
front 27 Where do the electron transport chains occur? | back 27 chloroplasts, mitochondria, prokaryotic plasma membranes |
front 28 What is the terminal electron acceptor in photosynthesis? | back 28 NADP+ |
front 29 How much ATP is gained from the electron transport chain? | back 29 net of 34 |
front 30 products of the electron transport chain | back 30 water, 1.5x2NAD+. 2.5x8NAD+, 1.5x2FAD+. ATP most |
front 31 reactants of electron transport chain | back 31 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 O2 |
front 32 chemiosmosis | back 32 the pumping of ions and diffusion of ions to create ATP, as electrons passed down chain hydrogen ions (protons) that split off from hydrogen atom are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space |
front 33 pH gradient (proton gradient) | back 33 formed when hydrogen ions pumped, want to diffuse |
front 34 oxidative phosphorylation | back 34 when electrons are given up (oxidized) and ADP is (phosphorylated) made into ATP, as hydrogen ions can only diffuse through ATP synthase channels |
front 35 ATP synthase channels | back 35 contain ADP and Pi which connect when protons flow through the channels |
front 36 substrate-level phosphorylation | back 36 an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic substrate molecule to ADP, turning it into ATP and a new organic molecule, does not need a membrane unlike electron transport chain |
front 37 reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction | back 37 the movement of electrons from one molecules to another, requires a donor and receiver (always paired / coupled) |
front 38 in cellular respiration, BLANK is reduced and BLANK is oxidized | back 38 oxygen, glucose |
front 39 in photosynthesis, BLANK is reduced and BLANK is oxidized | back 39 CO2, water |