delay the absorption of carbohydrate from the GI tract

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen

angina pectoris

hardening of the arteries

arteriosclerosis

narrowing of the arteries

atherosclerosis

cirrhosis stages

1-Fatty Liver (increased fat synthesis and trapping of fat in liver)
Reversible
2- Alcoholic hepatitis (Inflammation of liver, occurs if alcohol consumption persists)
Reversible
3- Cirrhosis (Loss of functioning hepatocytes, as synthesis of proteins decreases)
Irreversable

complication of cirrhosis

-Esophageal Varices
-Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
-Encephalopathy (increase ammonia)
-Hepatocellular carcinoma

coronary disease

Damage to the heart when insufficient blood flows through the vessels because they are blocked with fat or have become thick and hard; this harms the muscles of the heart.

Which of the following strategies would not be paramount in controlling cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Strict glycemic control

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar

Diabetes

Diagnosing Metabolic Syndrome

Waist Circumference: greater than 35 inches in women and 40 inches in men

Triglycerides: 150mg/dl or higher

Blood Pressure:
130/85mm/hg or higher

HDL: lower than 50mg/dl in women and 40mg/dl in men

Diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis

Bicarbonate < 18 mmol/L

pH<7.3

Glycemia > 250 mg/dL

All of the options are correct.

*None of the options is correct

enzyme assays

troponin
myoglobin
creatine kinase

H1C

•Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout your body. When your diabetes is not controlled (meaning that your blood sugar is too high), sugar builds up in your blood and combines with your hemoglobin, becoming "glycated

hypertension (HTN)

elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

hypertension treatment

Lifestyle (weight loss, diet, exercise, low alcohol)
Diuretics
Beta Blockers
Alpha blockers
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)
Vasodilators

If your diabetes isn't under control, it can harm which body part?

eyes
kidneys
heart

Liver functions

metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, bile production

medical treatment for coronary disease

aspirin
Cholesterol-lowering drugs
Beta blockers to lower your heart rate and blood pressure
Nitroglycerin to control chest pain by clearing blockages in your coronary arteries and reducing your heart's demand for blood
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to lower your blood pressure

metabolic syndrome

Cluster of disorders including:
High blood pressure
High insulin levels
Excess body weight
Abnormal cholesterol levels

portal hypertension

the elevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system

Skin problems in diabetics

Mycosis, Acanthosis Nigricans, Diabetic Dermatopathy, Infections in General.

*All of the above

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus

Polyuria, Nocturia, Polydipsia,

*All options are correct

Sulfonylureas, Repaglindine, Nateglindine

enhance endogenous insulin secretion

surgical treatment for coronary disease

coronary artery, bypass surgery,
balloon angioplasty

Thiazolidinediones (metfromin)

drugs that enhance insulin action in peripheral tissues

drugs that suppress endogenous glucose production

Types of Hypertension

Primary: 90-95% of HTN cases. No specific identifiable cause and is therefore thought to be multifactorial.

Secondary: 5-10% of HTN cases. Have an identifiable cause such as parenchymal renal disease, renal artery stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, primary hyperaldosteronism, chronic steroid therapy, estrogen use, NSAID use, and sleep apnea.

Uncontrolled diabetes causes damage to your body's blood vessels making them more prone to damage from atherosclerosis and hypertension.

True

What is/are the most common cause(s) of chronic liver disease in the U.S.?

viruses