pituitary gland (hypophysis)

• connects to the hypothalamus
• 2 main parts- Anterior pituitary & Posterior pituitary

anterior pituitary gland

secretes its hormones in response to releasing hormones from the hypothalamus

posterior pituitary gland

stores and releases hormones

Thyroid Gland

two lobes that lie below the larynx in front and on both sides of the trachea

parathyroid gland

4-6 small glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Adrenal glands

• on top of each kidney
• adrenal medulla (middle)
• adrenal cortex (outer portion)

Pancreas

• upper left abdomen
• alpha cells (outer portion)
• beta cells (secret insulin)
• islets of langerhans (where alpha and beta cells are found)

ovaries

pelvic cavity- females

testes

suspended In the scrotum in males

pineal gland

in the midbrain

thymus gland

front of thoracic cavity

heart

functions as endocrine gland when secreting hormones atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)

what body processes is the endocrine system involved in?

• regulation of metabolism
• growth rate
• physical development
• sexual function
• reproduction
• fluid balance

hormones produced by the thyroid ?

T3, T4, and calcitonin

hormone produced by the parathyroid

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

hormone produced by Anterior pituitary

prolactin, ACTH, GH, TSH, FSH, LH

hormones produced by posterior pituitary

ADH, oxytocin

hormones produced by Adrenal medulla

epinephrine &norepinephrine (catecholamines)

hormones produced by Adrenal cortex (mineralocorticoids &glucocorticoids)

cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones- androgens/estorgens

hormones produced by pancreas

glutton & insulin

which gland is considered the master gland of the body ?

Pituitary

produces hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream as a result of "releasing hormones" from the hypothalamus

Anterior pituitary

Pro

PROlactin

Athletes

ACTH

Got

gonadotropins - (FSH,LH)

To

TSH

Grow

growth hormone

Does NOT produce hormones

-stores and releases hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary

OH! A FLAT PIG

• (OH)- Oxytocin
• (A)- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• (F)- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• (L)- luteinizing hormone (LH)
• (A)- Adronocorteeicotropic hormone (ACTH)
• (T)- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• (PI)-Prolactin
• (G)- growth hormone

hypothyroidism

• deceased thyroid function
• TSH will be increased
• T3 AND T4 may be decreased

s/s of hypothyroidism

• cold, tired
• sluggish
• decreased metabolism
• weight gain

Hyperthyroidism

Increased thyroid function

• TSH will be decreased
• T3 and T4 may be increased

S/S of hyperthyroidism

• warm/increased temp
• increased metabolism
• weight loss

parathyroid hormone

produced and secreted by by parathyroid glands

Adrenal medulla

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) in response from the sympathetic nervous system

what does epinephrine do to the body?

prepares the body to meet stress or emergency situations and prevents hypoglycemia

how does norepinephrine function?

functions as a pressor to maintain blood pressure

adrenal cortex

secretes corticosteroids- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

mineralocorticoids

effects electrolytes, particularly NA,K, AND CI

• influences sodium reabsorption by an action on the renal tubules
• influences salt and water balance
• a person with mineralocorticoids would die within 3-7 days

glucocorticoids

essential for utilization of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

• primary is cortisol which acts to increase glucose levels in the blood
• cortisol also helps counteract the inflammatory response

aldosterone and cortisol are controlled by what?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

Prolactin

regulated by prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) and prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) from hypothalamus

initiates & maintains milk production

secreted post partum

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus-t FSH

Gonadotropic hormone

targets sex organs- ovaries and testes

follicle hormone

women

• initiates growth of ova in ovarian follicles
• secretion of estrogen by the cells of the follicle

follicle

men

initiates sperm production in testes

Luteinizing hormone

regulated by GnRH from hypothalamus

- another gonadotropic hormone

-WOMEN- causes ovulation

-MEN- stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes

Pancreas is only gland in body that is both endocrine and exocrine

(T/F)

true

Endocrine

secretes into the bloodstream

exocrine

secretes through a duct to the target tissue

endocrine function

• insulin - beta cells responsible for producing and secreting insulin
• glucagon- alpha cells are responsible for releasing glucogon, which stimulates the liver to change glycogen to glucose

effects of aging on the endocrine system

• pituitary gland becomes smaller
• thyroid becomes more nodular and metabolism gradually declines
• hormones such as aldosterone, renin, calcitonin, and growth hormone decrease
• older women have a decrease in estrogen and prolactin and men have a decrease in testosterone

endocrine disorders

either an imbalance in the production of the hormone, or an alteration in the body's ability to use the hormone

causes of endocrine disorders

Primary dysfunction

• hypersecretion (over secretion of hormones)
• hyposecretion (under secretion of hormones)
• tumors and inflammation

causes of endocrine disorders

Secondary dysfunction

medications, trauma, hormone therapy

temporary or permanent

stimulation tests

a substance is injected to stimulate a gland

-the hormone secreted by that gland is then measured in the blood to determine how well it responded to the stimulation

suppression test

• opposite of stimulating tests
• a substance is injected to suppress a hormones release

thyroid panel

measures TSH, T4,T3 , thyroid antibodies, calcitonin, and thyroglobulin

-may be ordered as a group or individually

-non fasting test

thyroid

METABOLISM

beta cells

secreting insulin

alpha cells

producing glucogon

posterior pituitary

ADH AND OXYTOCIN

stored and released in the hypothalamus

parathyroid

-has equal Ca levels

if Ca goes down PTH goes, if Ca goes up PTH goes up

calcitonin is released from the thyroid

calcitonin decreases Ca levels

adrenal medulla

epinephrine

fight or flight

adrenal cortex

-norepinephrine

keeps blood pressure up

mineralocorticoids

sodium and water balance

glucocorticoids

blood sugar goes up

endocrine hormone

24 hour urine