Carbohydrates

sugars and starches, used as fuel and store energy

Lipids(fats)

store energy

phospholipids (are on cell membrane)

steroids( include several hormones(male and female hormones)

Proteins

composed of amino acids- sub proteins

Have nitrogen- bi product of broken down protein

responsible for building and repairing tissue

keeps everything where they belong

Nucleic acids

RNA- Ribonucleic Acid: Important in process of making proteins

DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid: Makes up genes(hereditary material) contains instructions for making proteins

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions that take place in cells

Anabolism

making large molecules from small ones

Catabolism

breaking down large molecules into small ones

Enzymes do what?

Break everything down

if it ends in ase, this is what it is

Cellular respiration cells

obtain energy from food molecules as a result of catabolic reactions

Example: uses glucose and oxygen

ATP

the chemical used to transfer the energy to the places that need it

semipermeable membrane

A membrane that lets some things pass through, but blocks others.

Can move water

Cannot move large particles

Cells

building blocks of all living things

Cell Membrane(plasma membrane)

different shapes and sizes

protective protein covering

allows things in and out of the cell(selectively permeable)

Composition(phospholipid)

keeps substances from crossing

Proteins

act as channels so things can pass across membrane

Also ID markers so can tell who the cell comes from

Transport Methods

Passive transport requires no extra form of energy to complete

Type of Transport

Diffusion

movement of a substance of higher concentration travels to an area of lesser concentration

Moves particles

Type of transport

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane movement from lesser concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

moves water across membrane

Type of Transport

Filtration

passage of material by mechanical pressure. Determined by size of holes in filter. This is how high BP can cause edema

active transport

requires addition of energy to make it happen

active transport pumps

cell uses come of stored energy(ATP) Has to be able to pump substance against concentration gradient

phagocytosis

A process where certain white blood cells engulf (eat) and destroy germs or debris.

The body is organized in levels of stages

Chemical->cellular-> tissue-> organ-> system

Cytoplasm

gel like substance composed of water, nutrients, and electrolytes; holds organelles

Nucleus

"brain of the cell" dictates the activities of the organelles in the cell

Nucleus

contains DNA( blueprints, specifications, for the creation of new cells; genes) chromosomes

Nucleolus

Major function is to synthesize the ribonucleic acid RNA that forms ribosomes

Ribosomes

assists in making enzymes and other protein substances needed for cell repair and reproduction

Mitochandria

Tiny Bean shaped power plant

Endoplasmic Reticulum

First type

Rough endoplasmic reticulum(contains ribosomes)

responsible for synthesizing(making) proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

makes lipids and steroids

Lysosomes

contains powerful enzymes that take care of cleaning up intracellular debris and other waste

Destroys harmful bacteria by phagocytosis

Cyroskeleton

provides shape

Flagella

whip shaped tails that move some cells

example: sperm

Cilia

hair like projections that move particles using a wavelike motion

example: respiratory track has them

Skeleton

gives the body shape

Mitosis

Cell reproduction(cell division)- making new cells

Miotic phase

when the nucleus and cytoplasm divide

Mitosis

division of nuclear material, copying all the chromosomes (46) and dividing them equally between the new cells

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm and organelles

meiosis

when developing sperm and ova undergo a special process before growing completely up they half the number of chromosomes

Apoptosis

Program cell death

cancer cells

overproduction of cells, condition may alter the way cells produce

Bacteria

reproduce rapidly

can be harmful or harmless

Viruses

infectious particles surrounded with a protective protein coat cannot grow, eat, or reproduce by themselves

Must enter another cell and hijak that cell to grow and reproduce

Fungi

the plural form of fungus, can be a one cell or multicell organism

Example: Athletes foot

Protozoa

one celled organism found in water and soil

disease caused by swallowing them or from being bitten by insects that carry them in their body

Epithelial tissue

protects

covers and lines, tightly packed cells forming a sheet, No blood vessels, well innervated, has top and bottom, classified by shape

Squamous cell

Pancakes

cuboidal

dice

columnar

columns

simple

single layer

stratisfied

multiple

pseudostrastifed

false

Epithelial tissue

forms membrane sheet like structures throughout the body perform special functions

Mucous membranes

has a layer of epithelial tissue and a specialized connective tissue on the bottom

Cutaneous

skin; covers body surfance

Serous

double layered membrane: lines body cavities

potential space between layers

visceral

covers organ surface

eviscerate

organs protruding out of wound

Parietal

lines body cavities

mucous

lines tubes exposed to outside of body and secrete muscous

Connective Tissue

Most common, joins together- supports/protects

Functions of connective tissue

Mechanical support, nutrient storage, fluid storage, defense

Loose connective tissue

soft, weblike tissue

Dense Connective tissue

tightly packed fibers in matrix

Cartilage tissue

cells in holes in gel-like matrix

Blood

cells in liquid matrix

bones

cells in holes in calcium matrix

synovial membrane

in joints & secretes lubrication fluid

Muscle tissue

provides movement in and out of the body, can shorten itself(contract)

Skeletal Muscle tissue

Striated/cylindrical

attached to bones; VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

Cardiac Muscle tissue

Striated/branched

walls of the heart; involuntary

Smooth Muscle tissue

not striated(smooth)

walls of tubes and hollow organs; involuntary

digestive tract, colon, uterus, and blood vessels lined with this

Nervous tissue

controls system

Neurons

conduct information

Membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord are called

meninges

Nerves have an insulating layer called

myelin sheath

Ograns

make up body systems

results of two or more types of tissue organizing to accomplish something that the tissues cannot do on their own

Systems

formed by organs that work together to accomplish something more complex than what a single organ can do on its own. Interrelated with each other

Skeletal System

Main components: bones, joints, ligaments, and cartilage

Skeletal systems functions

provides support and structure to the body, protects organs, provides movement, stores a variety of minerals, produce blood cells

Muscular system

Voluntary muscles

movement purposeful by person- skeletal muscle

Muscular system

Involuntary muscle

movement without thought, smooth muscle or cardiac muscle. In blood vessels, airways, and organs

Integumentary system

first line of protection; skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands,

integumentary system functions

temperature regulation, sense of touch, glands: help lubricate(sweat glands/oil glands) and waterproof skin and inhibit the growth of unwanted bacteria, production of vitamin D when exposed to sunlight(healthy bones)

Nervous system

Main parts: spinal cord, brain, peripheral nerves, and nerve cells

Main functions of Nervous System are

receiving messages(sensory input)

processing and interpreting messages

acting on messages(motor output)

Endocrine system

acts as control center for virtually all of the bodys organs

endorcine glands

release chemical hormones circulated through blood to regulate metabolic processes

Parts of the endocrine system

hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads, plus a large variety of hormones

The cardiovascular(circulatory) system is

main transportation system to each cell of our body

Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood vessels

The respiratory system functions

supplies the cells with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

filters, warms, and moistens the air we breath

mucous lining of the airway helps trap foreign particles and germs

maintains the acid base balance

Parts of the respiratory system

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, and alveoli

alveoil

move things in and out