Acid-Base Reaction

ELECTROPHILIC Addition to Alkenes

what is an alkene? H2C = CH2

• a double bond between carbons

what is an electrophile?

• an electron DEFICIENT species/molecule

NUCLEOPHILIC Addition to Alkenes

what is a nucleophile? ex) halides (I, Br, Cl)

• an electron RICH species/molecule

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Sn1, stepwise

Nucleophilic Substitution

Sn2, concerted

nucleophilic substitution

E1, stepwise

Elimination

E2, concerted

Elimination

E1cb, catalyzed by base

Elimination

Book-keeping/ Structural Reasoning

Oxidixing Reactions

• recquires an oxidizing agent (O2, NAD)

Oxidation Mechanism

Oxidizing Reactions

• requires an oxidizing agent (O2, NAD)

Book-keeping/Structural Reasoning

Reduction Reactions

• requires a reducing agent (NADH)

Reduction Mechanism

Reduction Reactions

• requires a reducing agent (NADH)

Substitution at an Acyl Group

Aldol Addition

Aldol Reactions

• requires base

Aldol Condensation

Aldol Reactions

• requires base

condensation = loss of H2O

Reverse Aldol Reaction

Aldol Reactions

• requires base

Claisen Reaction

• requires base
• --> esters (double bond O to an R and an OR) NOT ketones (O double bond to 2 R's)

Imine Formation

Imine Creation

Transimination

Imine Creation

• requires acid

Imine Hydrolysis

• requires acid

Alcohol

• Nu

Thiol

• Nu

Amine

• Nu

Protonated Amine

• Nu

Carboxylic Acid

• acyl group

Ester

• Acyl group

Thioester

• acyl group

Amide

• acyl group

Carbonate

• acyl group

Aldehyde

• acyl group

Ketone

• acyl group

Acyl Phosphate

• acyl group

Imine

NADH

Benzene

NAD