Frontal Bone

Superior facial bone, forms the forehead

Parietal Bone

Forms the superior lateral portion of the cranial vault

Occipital Bone

Base/posterior portion of the skull

Greater Wing of the Sphenoid

Visible portion of the sphenoid, located anterior to the temporal bone and posterior to the zygomatic bone

Zygomatic Bone

Cheek bone that forms the floor of the bony orbit

Zygomatic Arch

Composed of a portion of the zygomatic and temporal bones, located superficial to the TMJ (temporomandibular joint)

Temporal Bone

Lateral and inferior bone of the cranial vault

External Acoustic Meatus

Tunnel in the temporal bone that leads to the inner ear

Mastoid Process

Bony projection located posterior to the external auditory meatus

Styloid Process

Sharp bony projection located anterior and medial from the external auditory meatus, used for muscle attachment

Nasal Bone

Paired bones that form the bridge of the nose and

Maxilla Bone

Paired bones that form the upper jaw and roof of the mouth

Mandible Bone

Lower jawbone

Intermaxillary Suture

The suture between the maxillary bones, located inferior to the nasal cavity

Anterior Nasal Spine

Small bony projection located at the superior aspect of the intermaxillary suture

Sphenoid Bone (Orbit)

Makes up the posterior wall of the eye socket

Frontal Bone (Orbit)

Makes up the roof of the eye socket

Zygomatic (Orbit)

Makes up the lateral wall of the eye socket

Maxilla Bone (Orbit)

Makes up the floor of the eye socket

Lacrimal Bone (Orbit)

Makes up the medial wall of the eye socket, anterior to the ethmoid; contains the lacrimal duct

Ethmoid Bone (Orbit)

Makes up the medial wall of the eye socket, posterior to the lacrimal bone

Palatine Bone

Deep in the orbit, between the ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid

Vomer

Inferior bone of the nasal septum

Perpendicular Plate of the Ethmoid

Superior bone of the nasal septum

Nasal Conchae

Bulges lateral to the nasal septum (middle and inferior visible)

Foramen Magnum

Large opening located in the occiput, brain stem passes through here

Basioccipital

Bony area located anterior to the foramen magnum on the inferior view of the skull

Occipital Condyles

Convex articulation surfaces located lateral to the foramen magnum

Posterior Palatine Bone

Paired bones located on the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth

Anterior Palatine (Part of Maxilla)

Anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

Clivus

Bony area located anterior to the foramen magnum on the internal view of the skull

Sella Turcica

"Turkish Saddle" located in the sphenoid bone to protect the pituitary gland; comprised of the dorsum sella, trabeculum sella, and hypophyseal sella

Dorsum Sellae

Posterior portion of the sella turcica, superior to the clivus

Tuberculum Sellae

Anterior portion of the sella turcica

Hypophyseal Fossa

The depression located between the dorsum sellae and tuberculum sellae

Crista Galli

Pointy projection of the ethmoid bone in the anterior cranial fossa, continuous with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

Cribiform Plate

Surrounds the crista galli and is full of olfactory foramina

Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone

Internal portion of the temporal bone, runs posterolateral from the dorsum sellae; houses the inner ear

Sagittal Suture

Separates the parietal bones

Lambdoid Suture

Separates the parietal bones from the occipital bone

Coronal Suture

Separates the frontal bone from the parietal bones

Squamosal Suture

Between the parietal and temporal bones

Sphenosquamosal Suture

Between the temporal and sphenoid bones

Supraorbital Notch

Located along the superior ridge of the eye socket in the frontal bone

Infraorbital Foramen

Large holes inferior to the eye socket on the maxilla bone

Mental Foramen

Located on the anterior surface of the body of the mandible

Superior Orbital Fissure

Superior slit in the posterior wall of the sphenoid bone of the eye socket

Inferior Orbital Fissure

Large slit located on the posterior and slightly lateral aspect of the floor of the eye socket

Optic Foramen (Canal)

Round hole located in the posterior portion of the eye socket, just medial to the superior orbital fissure

Lacrimal Foramen

Hole located at the distal/inferior end of the lacrimal bone, contains the lacrimal duct

Foramen Lacerum

Located lateral to the basioccipital, has slightly jagged edges

Foramen Ovale

Located lateral to the foramen lacerum, medially and slightly anterior to foramen spinosum; oval-shaped

Foramen Spinosum

Small foramen slightly posterior and lateral to the foramen ovale

Carotid Foramen (Canal)

Foramen posterior to the foramen spinosum; the internal carotid artery enters the skull through this foramen

Jugular Foramen

Large foramen posterior to the carotid foramen and superior to the hypoglossal foramen; the internal jugular vein exits the skull through this foramen

Condyloid Foramen

The small foramen posterior to the occipital condyes

Hypoglossal Foramen (Canal)

The foramen passing superior to the occipital condyles in a medial to lateral path; where the hypoglossal nerve exits the skull

Anterior Palatine Foramen (Incisive Foramen)

Foramen located posterior to the incisors on the anterior palatine

Internal Acoustic Canal (Meatus)

This canal is superior to the jugular foramen, still on the posterior portion of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; where the vestibulocochlear nerve exits the ear and enters the temporal lobe of the brain

Olfactory Foramina

Many small holes located on the cribriform plate; the olfactory sensory nerve endings pass through these foramina from the nasal cavity to form the olfactory nerve

Optic Foramen (Interior View)

Located at the lateral edges of the tuberculum sellae; where the optic enters the cranial vault

Mandibular Condyle (Condylar Process)

Large, rounded articulation surfaces located at the superior posterior portion of the ramus

Mandibular Fossa

The depression on the temporal bone that forms the socket for the mandibular condyle

Mandibular Notch

Depression located between the mandibular condyle and the coronoid process

Coronoid Process (Mandible)

Sharp, bony projection located on the anterior superior portion of the ramus

Ramus

Vertical portion of the mandible

Angle of the Mandible

Sharp angle created by the meeting of the ramus and body of the mandible

Body of the Mandible

Main horizontal portion of the mandible

Mental Protruberance

Raised bump on the anterior portion of the mandible, for muscle attachment

Alveolar Process

Tooth socket

Body of Vertebra

Anterior structure of vertebra that bears weight

Vertebral Canal

Contains the spinal cord, posterior to the body

Pedicles

Extend posteriorly from the body

Lamina

Extend posteromedially from the pedicles

Spinous Process

Project posteriorly from the junction of the laminae

Transverse Process

Extends laterally from both sides of the pedical/lamina junction

Intervertebral Foramina

Between the pedicals of two adjacent foramina; where the spinal nerves emerge

Atlas

C1, articulates superiorly with the occipital condyles, articulates inferiorly with the C2 and the dens of the C2

Axis

C2, articulates superiorly with C1, stabilized by the transverse ligament

Dens

Acts as a pivot for the lateral rotation of C1

Costal Facet

Where the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

Apex (Sacrum)

Point projection that articulates with the coccyx

Base (Sacrum)

Wide superior portion of the sacrum that articulates with L5

Coccyx

Tail bone, articulates superiorly with the apex of the sacrum; filum terminale (end of spinal cord) attaches here

Rib Cage

Consists of thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, and sternum anteriorly

Manubrium

Broad, upper portion of sternum

Jugular Notch (Suprasternal Notch)

Shallow depression in the superior end of the manubrium

Sternal Angle

Horizontal ridge that separates the manubrium from the body

Xiphoid Process

Small, sword-shaped process at inferior end of sternum

True Ribs

Attach directly to sternum via their own costal cartilages; 1-7

False Ribs

Attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage of rib 7; 8-12

Floating Ribs

Do not attach to the sternum; 11-12

Spinous Process (Scapula)

Large prominent ridge on the posterior side of the scapula; runs from the medial border, superiorly and laterally terminating at the acromion process

Acromion

Large bulge located at the lateral edge of the spine of the scapula

Supraspinous Fossa

Depression immediately superior to the spine of the scapula; where the supraspinatus muscle is found

Infraspinous Fossa

Depression immediately inferior to the spine of the scapula; where the infraspinatus muscle is located

Superior Angle

The point located at the superior, medial portion of the scapula

Inferior Angle

The point at the distal (inferior) end of the scapula

Glenoid Cavity (Fossa)

The depression along the superior, lateral margin of the scapula, just distal to the acromion; where the head of the humerus attaches to form the shoulder joint

Lateral Border

The border on the lateral side of the scapula; same side as the glenoid cavity

Medial Border

The border of the scapula nearest the spinal column

Coracoid Process

Bulge located near the glenoid cavity, anterior to the acromion; hook-shaped

Suprascapular Notch

Located between the superior angle and the coracoid process, nearest the coracoid process

Subscapular Fossa

Main portion of the complete anterior side of the scapula; depression close to the area of the suprascapular notch

Sternal End (Clavicle)

Medial end of the clavicle, connects to the manubrium of the sternum; rounded/quadrangular

Acromial End (Clavicle)

Lateral end of the clavicle, connects to the acromion of the scapula; flattened

Coronoid Tubercle

Bulge on the inferior, posterior, lateral aspect of the clavicle; nearest the acromial end

Head of Humerus

The superior, medial, rounded portion of the humerus

Greater Tubercle

Large bulge on humerus located laterally

Lesser Tubercle

Smaller bulge located on the anterior aspect of the humerus, proximal end

Intertubercular Sulcus

Groove located between the greater and lesser tubercles; also known as the bicipital groove; the tendon of the long head of the biceps passes through here

Deltoid Tuberosity

Roughened area located a few centimeters inferior to the greater tubercle of the humerus

Capitulum

Condyle located on the distal lateral end of the humerus; more rounded, articulates with the head of the humerus

Trochlea

Condyle located at the distal medial end of the humerus; articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna

Medial Epicondyle

Located just lateral and proximal to the trochlea

Lateral Epicondyle

Bulge located on the distal, lateral edge of the humerus, just proximal to the capitulum

Coronoid Fossa

Depression located between the epicondyles on the anterior side, closer to the trochlea

Olecranon Fossa

Deep depression located on the distal, posterior side of the humerus

Olecranon

Large, rounded, posterior bulge located at the proximal end of the ulna; makes up the elbow; goes into the olecranon fossa of the humerus when elbow extends

Trochlear Notch

Huge notch/depression located at the proximal, anterior end of the ulna; articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

Coronoid Process (Ulna)

Anterior rim of the trochlear notch; fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus when elbow flexes

Radial Notch of Ulna

Shallow depression located on the lateral side of the trochlear notch, articulates with the radial head

Styloid Process of Ulna

Pointy process located at the distal end of the ulna

Head of Radius

Proximal end of the radius, articulates with the capitulum

Radial Tuberosity

Bulge located just a few centimeters distal to the head of the radius

Dorsal Radial Tuberosity

Bumpy area located on the posterior side distal end of the radius

Styloid Process of Radius

Pointy process located at the distal, lateral end of the radius

Os Coxa

Comprised of the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones; also known as the hemipelvis

Ilium

Largest bone of the os coxa; superior

Iliac Ridge

Superior margin of the ilium

Greater Sciatic Notch

Marks the posterior side of the os coxa

Ischium

Posterior lower bone of the os coxa

Pubic Bone

Anterior inferior bone of the os coxa

Pubis

Anterior margin of the pubic bone that the pubic symphysis attaches to

Acetabulum

A cup-shaped depression on the lateral aspect of the os coxa; where the head of the femur articulates

Obturator Foramen

Large foramen just inferior to the acetabulum

False Pelvis

Superior to the pelvic brim

True Pelvis

Inferior to the pelvic brim

Head of Femur

Articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxa

Fovea Capitis

A divot in the head of the femur, attachment site of the ligamentum teres

Neck of Femur

The narrowed region that connects the head to the diaphysis of the femur

Greater Trochanter

Large bump lateral to the head of the femur

Lesser Trochanter

Smaller bump on the medial aspect of the femur, distal to the neck

Lateral Condyle (Femur)

At the posterior, distal end of the femur, same side as the greater trochanter; smaller of the two condyles

Medial Condyle (Femur)

Distal end of the femur, same side as the head; larger of the two condyles

Intercondylar Fossa

Deep depression between the condyles of the femur, posterior side

Medial Epicondyle (Femur)

Large bulge just lateral and proximal to the medial condyle of the femur

Lateral Epicondyle (Femur)

Small bump just proximal and lateral to the lateral condyle of the femur

Linea Aspera

A vertical ridge for muscle attachment that runs along the posterior aspect of the diaphysis of the femur

Patella

Largest sesamoid bone in the body

Tibia

Distal to the femur, medial to the fibula; weight-bearing

Tibial Tuberosity

Large bump on the anterior surface of the tibia just distal to the condyles; attachment for the patellar ligament

Condyles (Tibia)

Flattened surfaces on the proximal end of the tibia

Intercondylar Eminence

Located on the superior surface between the condyles of the tibia

Intercondylar Tubercle

Each bump within the intercondylar eminence; for attachment of the cruciate ligaments

Anterior Margin

A sharp ridge that runs vertically along the anterior surface of the tibia, distal to the tibial tuberosity; what you think of when you say shin bone

Medial Malleolus

Distal medial end of the tibia, a large bump that extends distally

Fibula

Lateral to the tibia, non-weight bearing, most commonly broken leg bone

Lateral Malleolus

Large bulbous structure located at the distal end of the fibula