three functions of blood

• transport
• regulation
• protection

transport

• oxygen to lungs
• waste from the cells, to organs for elimination from body
• ions, nutrients & hormones are transported in blood

regulation

• fluid and electrolyte balance
• acid & base balance
• body temperature

protection

• from infection
• clotting factors protect from excessive bleeding

blood is what kind of tissue

connective

ph of blood

7.35-7.45

three types of blood cells

• red
• white
• platelets

composition of blood

• plasma
• cells- AKA corpuscles

plasma protein consist of

albumin, clotting factors, antibodies and complements

the production of blood cells

hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

plamsa contains:

proteins, ions, nutrients, gases and waste

Erythropoietin

hormone responsible for production of RBC'S

KIDENY

Senses the need for additional oxygen and secrets a hormone erythropoietin stimulating bone marrow productions of RBC'S

iron, vitamin b12, folic acid and protetin

essential for hemoglobin synthesis

deficiency in red blood cells creates___

anemia

neutrophils

• role in phagoctyosis
• puss is the accumulation of dead neutrophils, parts of cells and fluid

basophils

• play role in inflammatory response through release histamine
• releases heparin which is thought to reduce formation of cots in lungs and liver

eosinphils

involved in inflammatory response: secretes chemicals that destroy certain parasites and increased in person with allergeis

lyphocytes

produce in red bone marrow

role in immune system

monocytes

• role in phagocytosis; more efficient
• changed into macrophages that either wander or are fixed

platelets

aka thrombocytes

tiniest formed element of blood

prevent blood loss

hematocrit

• 45% is blood cells & 55% is plasma
• percentage of blood cells

process that stops the bleeding

hemostasis

hemostasis blood vessel spasm

when the injured the smooth muscle in the vessel wall contracts and constricts

clot retraction

after a clot forms, it begins to pull itself together becoming smaller

anticoagulants has two mechanisms

• endothelium- smooth muscle is shiny and smooth muscle is shiny and smooth which allows blood to flow along surface easily
• secretion of heparin by most cells which are concentrated around lungs and liver

anticoagulants are administered in an attempt to prevent the formation of a blood clot there are two types:

heparin and Coumadin

prothrombin

coagulation test performed to measure the time it takes for a firm fibrin clot to form

INR- international Normalized Ratio

comparing to people under the same conditions

APTT

Detects congenital deficiencies in clotting factors.

4 ABO types

A-B-AB-O

blood is classified according to the Rh factor, rh factor is

an antigen located on the surface of the RBC

agglutination

the antigen and antibody dump

a hollow muscular organ about the size of a closed fist

the heart

function of the heart

pumps blood through the blood vessels of the body, providing oxygen and nutrients to all cells

heart is made up of three layers

• endocardium
• myocardium
• epicardium

left ventricle

the hardest working chamber in the heart

main function of the right ventricle

pump blood to the lungs

the purpose of heart valves

keep the blood flowing in a forward direction

the largest artery in the body

Aorta

atrioventricular valves

located between the atria and ventricle on each side to the heart

right atrioventricular vavle

located between the right atria right ventricle

left atrioventricular vavle

bicuspid valve because it has 2 cusps

pulmonic valve

goes into the pulmonary and into the lungs

aortic valve

goes to the aorta

the first heart sound lubb

due to the closure of the AV valves at the beginning of the ventricular contraction

the second heart sound dubb

due to the closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular relaxation

the blood flow in the coronary arteries is greatest during what?

ventricular relaxation

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

normal output

5 liters per minute

cardiac output (co) is determined by two factors

• heart rate and stroke volume

variation of heart rate

tachycardia- hr greater than 100

bradycardia- hr less than 60