right atrium

receives deoxygenated blood from the body

right ventricle

pumps blood to the lungs

left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to the body

atrioventricular vavles

tricuspid and mitral valves

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves

tricuspid valve

the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

mitral valve

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

pulmonary valve

valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

aortic valve

valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta

superior and inferior vena cava

bring blood to the right atrium

aortic auscultation

place the stethoscope on the second right intercostal space at the upper right sternal border

pulmonic area auscultation

place the stethoscope on the second left intercostal space at the upper left sternal border

Erb's point auscultation

place the stethoscope on the 3rd left intercostal space at the medial left sternal border

tricuspid auscultation

place the stethoscope on the 4th intercostal space at the left sternal border

mitral (apical) auscultation

place the stethoscope at the apex of the heart on the 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

s1 (first heart sound)

occurs when the mitral and tricuspid valves close

s2 (second heart sound)

happens with the closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves

s3 ventricular gallop

low frequency vibration that occurs after s1 and s2 and seems to result from the change in blood flow in diastole when rapid filling ends and slow filling starts

s3

heart sound resembles the pronunciation of the word Ken-TUCK-y where y represents it

s4 atrial gallop

low frequency sound that occurs in late diastolic filling due to atrial contraction; causes vibrations in the ventricular walls and happens just before s1 making it difficult to hear; can indicate an increased resistance to ventricular filling; sometimes can occur normally in people older than 40, especially after exercise

tachycardia

resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute; considered an arrhythmia; number of causes, some are not serious and do not cause health complications; more serious issues can arise if left untreated and chronic

bradycardia

resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute; considered an arrhythmia; can be normal or a sign of dysfunction of the heart's electrical system

arrhythmia

disorder of the normal cardiac rhythm

pericardial friction rub

not a heart sound, but a sound generated from inflammation of the pericardial sac as it rubs against the linings surrounding the heart; scratching, grating high frequency sound heard in both systole and diastole

pericarditis

an inflammatory disease of the pericardium, which causes the membranes to become sticky, producing friction when the heart beats or when the patient breathes; best heard with the diaphragm of the stethoscope at the left lower sternal border

murmers

produced by turbulent blood flow; normally heard during auscultation

innocent murmurs

non-cardiac related to pregnancy hyperthyroidism exercise and anemia; most often heard in children; normally heard with systole in the pulmonic precordial area

pathological murmurs

due to congenital or valvular defects, which can be identified by their timing and the auscultation region where they are heard

pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

pulmonary veins

return oxygenated blood to the left atrium

aorta

carries oxygenated blood to the body

vessels

includes superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and aorta

coronary arteries

supply the heart muscle with oxygen rich blood

electrical conduction system

includes SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

pulmonary circulation

circulatory loop from heart to lungs to heart

systemic circulation

circulatory loop from heart to body to heart

systole

ventricles contract and blood is ejected

diastole

ventricles relax and chambers fill with blood

valves

ensure unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow

Starling's Law

increased ventricular stretch = stronger contraction to a point

electrical conduction

triggers coordinated contraction for efficient blood flow

circulatory system

primary purpose is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues; remove carbon dioxide and metabolic waste

systemic veins

carry deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart

capillaries

responsible for exchange of gases and nutrients within tissues

systemic arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the left side of the heart

SVC -> RA -> tricuspid valve -> RV -> Pulmonic valve -> Pulmonary artery -> lungs -> Pulmonary veins -> LA -> mitral valve -> LV -> Aortic valve -> aorta -> Body

blood flow through the heart