alkane

c-c

alkene

c=c

alkyne

c=c

amine

C-NH₂

caboxcylic acid

C-COOH

C^{= O} _-OH

carboxylic salt ends in

ate

geometric isomer

2 different groups attached to each c in the c=c

why must geometric isomer have c=c

c=c has no free rotation about it - fixed

what single reaction can alkanes do

substitution - no c=c to break

alkene -> haloalkane

reagents/ conditions

HBr

HCl

Alkene -> alcohol

reagents/ conditions

H₂O/H⁺

alkene -> polymer

reagents/ conditions

c=c broken

alkene -> diol

reagents/ conditions

MnO₄ ^-

(purple -> brown solid)

alkene -> dihaloalkane

reagents/ conditions

Br₂

orange -> colourless FAST

alkene -> alkane

reagents/ conditions

H₂/Pt orr Ni

with heat

unsaturated -> saturated

alkyne -> alkene

reagents/ conditions

H₂/Pt orr Ni

with heat

alkene -> haloalkane

reaction type

addition

Alkene -> alcohol

reaction type

addition

alkene -> polymer

reaction type

addition

alkene -> diol

reaction type

addition

alkene -> dihaloalkane

reaction type

addition

alkene -> alkane

reaction type

addition

alkyne -> alkene

reaction type

addition

alkane -> haloalkane

reagents/ conditions

Br₂

UV

orange to colourless SLOW (10 mins)

+HBr/HCl as biproduct

alkene -> alkane

reaction type

substitution

alcohol -> haloalkane

reagents/ conditions

PCl₅/PCl₃/SOCl₂

alcohol -> haloalkane

reaction type

substitution

haloalkane -> alcohol

reaction type

sub

haloalkane -> alcohol

reagents/ conditions

KOH (aq)

haloalkane -> amine

reagents/ conditions

NH₃ (alc) conc

haloalkane -> amine

reaction type

sub

alcohol -> alkene

reagents/ conditions

H₂SO₄ conc

heat

alcohol -> alkene

reaction type

elimination

haloalkane -> alkene

reaction type

elimination

haloalkane -> alkene

reagents/ conditions

KOH (alc)

heat

amine -> ammonium salt

reaction type

acid/base

amine -> ammonium salt

reagents/ conditions

HCl/H₂SO₄/HNO₃

carboxylic acid -> carboxylic salt

reaction type

acid/base

carboxylic acid -> carboxylic salt

reagents/ conditions

NaOH/NaHCO₂/Na₂CO₃

(CO₂ biproduct if carbonate)

alcohol -> carboxylic acid

reagents/ conditions

ONLY PRIMARY (1^o) ALCOHOLS

acidified MnO₄ ^-/H⁺

purple to colourless

OR

Cr₂O₇ ^2-

orange to green

alcohol -> carboxylic acid

reaction type

oxidation

Soluble compounds

Amines

Carboxylic acids

Alcohols

Insoluble compounds

Alkanes

Haloalkanes

Alkenes

Alkynes

polymers at room temp

solid

monomers at room temp

gas/liquid

polymer: strong c-c covalent bonds meeaan

most) are unreactive and resistant.

saturated

polymer high molar mass means

high mp and bp

monomer low molar mass means

low mp and bp

monomer weak c=c bonds mean

reactive and unresistant

unsaturated