Pharmakon

Is greek for drugs

Logos

is Greek for science

What is pharmacology

Deals with the study of drugs and their actions or effects

What are therapeutic methods to treating illnesses

diet therapy, drug therapy, Physiotherapy, Psychotherapy,

biologic therapy

A new class of drugs has transformed treatment in patients

that attack the body with its own organs tissues and cells

ex cancer medication

what is a biologic agent

Are large complex proteins manufactured in a living system

When a drug name is not capatilize is it the generic version or the brand name.

It is the generic version

When a drug name is Capitalized is it The generic version or The Brand name.

It is the brand name

Which names of a drug should the nurse use when teaching a patient about a new prescription?

generic name and trade

Body systems classification

Cardiovascular and gastro intestinal

Therapeutic use

antacids

antibiotics

Psychological or chemical reaction

anticholinergics/ calcium channel blockers

where can you get resources for drug information

The united states pharmacopeia/ the Usp dictionary

package inserts, Nursing Journals, electronic data base

Which source of information is best for the nurse to obtain drug information?

Nursing journals

Where can you get sommon sources of drug information

electronic databases

Lexicomp

ePocrates

DailyMed

what is the controlled substance act of 1970

The controlled substance act of 1970 is the classifacations or schedules of controlled substance

schedule I drug

high abuse potetial ex heroin

schedule II

high abuse potential; some medical use (e.g., pentobarbital).

Schedule III

High abuse potential; some medical use (e.g., codeine)

schedule IV

Low abuse potential; some medical use (e.g., diazepam).

schedule v

low abuse potential ex Robitussin

Which is responsible for monitoring the drug safety in the united states

The FDA is responsible for overseeing drug and cosmetic manufacture and promotion to determine their safety before allowing them to be released to the public.

which drug schedule indicates drugs with highest risk for abuse?

Schedule I drugs have the highest potential for abuse. They are not currently accepted for medical use in the United States.

manufactures and prescribes must do what?

The must be registered with Dea requirements must be met in order to dispense scheduled medications

What must a person have to have in order to get scheduled drugs ?

Prescription drugs require an order by a health professional who is licensed to prescribe drugs; nonprescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) drugs are sold without a prescription.

HOw many years does it take to bring a new drug to the market

It currently takes an average of 8 to 15 years and more than $2 billion in research and development costs to bring a single new drug to market.

What is fast tracking

Used to expedite drug development and approval for life-threatening illnesses

Parallel tracking

Used for patients with life-threatening illnesses who cannot participate in controlled trials, when there is no other alternative

What is postmarking survelance stage

ongoing review of effects of new drugs

What is black box warning

Indicates a very serious life-threatening problem

Probability of a drug acquiring a new black box warning or being withdrawn from the market within 25 years of being released is 20%

orphan drug what are they ?

They are created for rare conditions ex sickle cell anemia

Specific sites where drugs form chemical bonds

Drug receptors

Study of interactions between drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacologic response

Pharmacodynamics

Agonists

Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response

Drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response

Antagonist

Partial agonists

Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit

Enteral

Via the gastrointestinal tract by the oral, rectal, or nasogastric routes

Parenteral

Bypasses the GI tract by using subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injection

Percutaneous

Absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes

Inhalation, sublingual, or topical

ladme

Liberation: Drug released from dosage form

Absorption: Depends on route of administration

Distribution: Depends on circulation to be transported throughout body

Metabolism: Depends on enzyme systems

Excretion: Depends on GI tract and kidneys

A drug which cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier would not be effective in treating meningitis, a brain infection. A drug which CAN pass through the placental barrier could affect the fetus.

liberation

Drug released from dosage form and is dissolved in body fluid

Idiosyncratic reactions

Occur when something unusual/abnormal happens when drug is first administered

Allergic reactions

Occur among patients who have previously been exposed to a drug and whose immune systems have developed antibodies to the drug

Drug Interactions

Said to occur when the action of one drug is altered or changed by the action of another drug

Changes in Absorption

Most drug interactions that alter absorption take place in the GI tract

Antacids increase the gastric pH and can inhibit the dissolution of ketoconazole tablets

Changes in Distribution

If a drug is 90% bound to a protein, then 10% of the drug is providing the physiologic effect.

Changes in Metabolism

Drug interactions usually result from a change in metabolism that involves inhibiting or inducing the enzymes that metabolize a drug

Common drugs that bind to enzymes and increase the metabolism of other drugs are

phenobarbital, carbamazepine, rifampin, and phenytoin.

Changes in Excretion

Drug interactions that cause a change in excretion usually act in the kidney tubules by changing the pH to enhance or inhibit excretion

A patient reports postoperative pain, and the nurse administers IV morphine (a narcotic analgesic) to ease the pain. Fifteen minutes later, the nurse notes that the patient is very drowsy, respirations are slow and shallow, and oxygen saturation is low. The nurse administers another drug that decreases the morphine’s action. What is this effect called?

Antagonistic