What is anatomy?

the study of the structure of the human body

What is physiology?

the study of the function of the human body

What does water do for the human body?

- most abundant substance in the body

- required for metabolic processes

- required for the transport of substances

- regulates body temperature

What does food do for the human body?

- provides necessary nutrients

- supplies energy

- supplies raw materials

What does oxygen (gas) do for the human body?

- one-fifth of air

- used to release energy from nutrients

What does heat do for the human body?

- form of energy

- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

What does pressure do for the human body?

- application of force on an object

- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing

- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits.

What are the three types to the control mechanism?

Receptor, control center, and effector

What is the receptor?

provides information about the stimuli

What is the control center?

tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)

What is the effector?

elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment (muscle or gland)

What are the 2 types of control mechanisms?

Negative and Positive machanisms

Negative feedback:

- Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

- Corrects the set point

- Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’

- Most common type of feedback loop

Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Positive feedback:

- Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

- short-lived

- does not require continuous adjustments

Examples: blood clotting and childbirth

Visceral layer

covers an organ

Parietal layer

lines a cavity or body wall

Thoracic Membranes: Visceral pleura

membrane that covers the lungs

Thoracic Membranes: Parietal pleura

membrane that lines the pleural cavity

Thoracic Membranes: Visceral pericardium

membrane that covers the heart

Thoracic Membranes: Parietal pericardium

membrane that lines the pericardial cavity

Abdominopelvic Membranes: Visceral peritoneum

membrane that covers the abdominal and pelvic organs

Abdominopelvic Membranes: Parietal peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Where is serous fluid found?

between the layers of the visceral and parietal membranes

Anatomical Position:

standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Sagittal or Median

divides body into left and right portions

Mid-sagittal

divides body into equal left and right portions

Transverse or Horizontal

divides body into superior and inferior portions

Coronal or Frontal

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Superior VS Inferior

above VS below

Anterior VS posterior

towards the front VS towards the back

Medial VS lateral

closer to the midline VS towards the side

Proximal VS Distal

closer to the trunk VS farther from the trunk

Superficial VS deep

near the surface VS more internal

Dorsal body cavities: Cranial cavity

Brain

Dorsal body cavities: Vertebral cavity

Spinal cord

Ventral body cavities: Thoracic cavity

heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity

stomach, liver, intestines, pancreas, etc.

Abdominopelvic cavity: Pelvic cavity

urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, terminal end of large intestine

What are ventral body cavities separated by?

The diaphragm