the transmission of genetic material (DNA and RNA) from an organism to its offspring

heredity

DNA + protein

chromosome

a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait

gene

basic unit of heredity

gene

also means location

locus

genes with different information at the same location

alleles

a permanent alternation in DNA

mutation

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA

Ribonucleic Acid

RNA

refers to the genetic information contained in the DNA of the organism

genotype

refers to the specific characteristics displayed by the organism

phenotype

linear sequence of nucleotides of DNA that form a functional unit of a chromosome or a plasmid

gene

information in a specific gene, found at a particular place on the chromosome or plasmid

locus

In what three major ways can the information in DNA be transferred?

1. DNA Replication
2. Transcription
3. Translation

What are the reasons we copy/replicate DNA?

growth
repair
maintenance

In this transferring of information in DNA, DNA produces more DNA

DNA Replication

in this transferring of information in DNA one strand of each DNA molecule is half old and the olther is half new

Semiconservative replication

governs strand assembly and proofreads

DNA polymerase

What do ribosomes make?

proteins

In this part of transferring information in DNA RNA is produced using DNA as a template

transcription

Refers transcription occurs in what?

viruses

forms ribosomes

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

carries instructions to build proteins to the ribosomes (each three RNA bases specify a particular amino acid or a stop code)

messenger RNA (mRNA)

transfers needed amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes

trandfer RNA (tRNA)

Why do ribosomes need amino acids?

to build proteins

in this porption of transferring information within DNA ribosomes "read"messenger RNA and link the coded for amino acids together into proteins

translation

Approximately what percentage of a bacterial cell's energy is used to produce proteins?

80 to 90

What two causes of mutations does your book list?

1. spontaneous
2. induced

mutations that have no know cause

spontaneous

mutations caused by mutagens

induced

tend to increase the mutation rate above the spontaneous rate

mutagens

give two examples of known mutagens

radiation
some chemicals

something that can cause a mutation

mutagen

What are the two tyoes of mutations?

1. Point Mutation
2. Frameshift Mutation

in this type of mutation a single base is replaced and it may or may not cause problems

point mutation

in this type of mutation an insertion or deletion of one or more bases takes place and it always causes a problem

frameshift mutation

these are found in cured meat such as deli meats, hot dogs, and bacon

nitrates and nitrites

cancer causing

carcinogens

one of the first tests done on new products to see if there are mutations

Ames Test

The ames test uses what that can not make histidine

salmonella strain

Why does the ames test use a certain strain of salmonella?

it uses a strain that can not make histidine amino acids so it can't make proteins

What is the end result of the ames test believed to be if the new product does contain mutagens

if salmonella makes histidine right away

removes an amino group (-NH2) from a nitrogenous base to point mutations

deaminating agent

Bacteria have _______ as their genetic material

RNA

Which base is NOT found in DNA?

uracil

The first bacterium to have its genome completely sequenced was:

Haemophilus influenza

The process of reverse transcription creates:

DNA from RNA

During DNA repliction, DNA ploymerase adds nucleotides:

to the 3' end of the growing strand

During DNA replication, the new strand has a sequence ______ to the strand being copied

identical

DNA replication is termed

conservative

The enzyme responsible for transcription is called:

RNA polymerase

In prokaryotes, transcription takes place in the:

ribosomes

Ribosomes are made of

RNA and protein

tRNA is responsible for transporting _______ to the ribosome

amino acid

Each tRNA has a/an _______ that allows it to match up with the correct mRNA codon

DNA sequence

The bond that is created between amino acids is called a _______ bond

ionic

Repressors are molecules that inhibit:

DNA replication

A phenotypoe refers to the ________of an organism

expressed physical characteristics

A mutation that results in a change in DNA sequence, but no change in the amino acid sequence of the protein, is termed ______ mutation

silent

Which of the follwing can induce mutations?

base analogs
ionizinhg radiation
ultraviolent radiation

The Ames Test is used to test whether or not:

a chemical is mutagenic