Senescence __________.

C) begins once body structures reach maximum capacity and efficiency

The physical changes of the adult years are __________.

B) multidimensional and multidirectional

The __________ theory of aging receives some support from kinship studies indicating that
longevity is a family trait.

A) genetically programmed

Nora’s grandfather lived to be 87, and her father is still alive at the age of 98. Nora concludes
that longevity is inherited and anticipates a very long life. Nora should know that __________.

C) rather than inheriting longevity directly, people probably inherit risk and protective factors
that influence their chances of dying earlier or later

The strongest evidence for __________ comes from research showing that human cells
allowed to divide in the laboratory have a lifespan of 50 divisions, plus or minus 10.

A) the existence of “aging genes”

Telomeres __________.

D) protect the ends of chromosomes from destruction

An enzyme called telomerase __________.

B) can lengthen telomeres

Telomere shortening predicts __________.

A) earlier death

Lorenzo quit smoking and reduced his alcohol intake. At the same time, he improved his
healthy eating behaviors and increased his physical activity. Lorenzo’s lifestyle changes are
likely to __________.

C) increase telomerase activity

According to the “random events” theory of biological aging, __________.

A) DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through mutations

According to the “random events” theory, as spontaneous or externally caused mutations
accumulate, __________.

B) abnormal cancerous cells are often produced

One hypothesized cause of age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities is the __________.

C) release of free radicals

In some species, __________ is/are associated with longer life.

B) elevated free-radical activity

Which statement is true about free-radical damage?

C) It increases with age.

According to the cross-linkage theory of aging, bonds between protein fibers in connective
tissue can lead to __________.

B) loss of flexibility in the skin and clogging of arteries

Almeda’s skin has lost some flexibility and the lens of her left eye is beginning to cloud. She is concerned that the normally separate protein fibers that make up her body’s connective tissue
are forming bonds with one another. You can tell Almeda that she can reduce cross-linking by
__________.

A) eating a healthy diet

Doyle wants to protect the health of his endocrine system. The safest approach for Doyle is
__________.

D) diet and physical activity

Decreased vigor of the immune response seems to be __________.

C) genetically programmed but intensified by other aging processes

Age-related declines in hearing __________.

A) are more than twice as rapid for men as for women

As the lens of the eye stiffens and thickens with age, __________.

B) ability to focus on close objects declines

Physical changes of aging in the __________ system begin in the late thirties, accelerate in
the fifties, and slow in the seventies.

D) skeletal

Vivica, who is African American, and Jolene, who is European American, are both active and eat healthy foods. Which statement is true about their risk of hypertension and heart disease
as they age?

C) Vivica has a higher risk of hypertension and heart disease than Jolene.

Darlene has heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collected on the walls of
her main arteries. Darlene has __________.

D) atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis typically develops __________.

D) early in life and progresses during middle adulthood

__________ may heighten the effects of a high-fat diet.

A) Sex hormones

Yao is 45 years old. How has the maximum vital capacity of his lungs changed from when he
was 25?

B) It has decreased by about 20 percent.

To study the impact of biological aging on motor skills, researchers focus on __________.

B) competitive athletes

What was discovered when the mean ages for best performance of Olympic and professional
athletes in a variety of sports were charted over time?

B) Absolute performance in most events improved over time.

Which athlete’s skills will probably peak latest in life?

C) Rose, a long-distance runner

The immune response is the combined work of specialized cells that neutralize or destroy
__________ in the body.

D) antigens

T cells __________.

C) directly attack foreign substances in the body

__________ secrete antibodies into the bloodstream that multiply, capture foreign
substances, and permit the blood system to destroy them.

B) B cells

Regena, age 50, is likely to have __________ than 25-year-old Owen.

A) a smaller thymus

Which statement about U.S. death rates and causes of death is true?

C) Death rates for all causes exceed those of many other industrialized nations.

Which statement about the relationships among income, education, occupational status, and
health in the United States is true?

A) Income, education, and occupational status show strong, continuous relationships with almost
every disease and health indicator over the lifespan.

Most Americans eat __________.

D) because they feel like it or because it is time to do so

Carly, age 24, has a 22 percent increase over average body weight, based on her age, sex, and
physical build. Carly is __________.

A) an obese adult

Cesar has a body mass index (BMI) of 27. Cesar is __________.

C) overweight, but not obese

Which adult is the most likely to be obese?

D) Veronica, an African American

Which statement about rates of overweight and obesity in the United States is true?

C) A substantial number of people show large weight gains between ages 25 and 50.

The average number of calories and amount of sugar and fat consumed by Americans
__________.

A) sharply increased after 1970

Nadine, an average-weight adult, gained a small amount of weight between the ages of 25
and 50. Nadine should know that __________.

B) this is a normal part of aging, resulting from a drop in basal metabolic rate

Andre is an overweight adult. Compared with his normal-weight agemates, Andre is
__________.

A) less likely to receive financial aid for college

Family and friends can help a dieter by __________.

D) offering encouragement, which helps foster the dieter’s self-esteem and self-efficacy

Saturated fat __________.

B) generally comes from meat and dairy products

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that no more than 10 percent of total
caloric intake be made up of __________.

C) saturated fat

Research indicates that __________ play(s) a role in the age-related rise in cardiovascular
disease, breast cancer, and colon cancer.

B) saturated fat

Star would like to improve her nutrition and reduce her risk of disease. One suggestion that
you could make to Star is to __________.

A) replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat

Regular physical activity is linked to __________.

C) reduced incidence of breast and colon cancer

January engages in regular exercise. As a result, January is __________.

D) less likely to catch a cold or the flu

Physical activity __________.

A) reduces anxiety and depression

In the United States, alcohol and drug use is most common among __________.

B) 19- to 25-year-olds

Which statement about smoking is true?

C) Of young people who smoke cigarettes, the overwhelming majority started before age 21.

The earlier young people start smoking, the __________.

A) greater their daily cigarette use

__________ is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.

B) Cigarette smoking

Alcohol dependency is more likely in cultures where alcohol is __________.

D) carefully controlled and a sign of adulthood

The best-known complication of chronic alcohol use is __________.

B) liver disease

Virgil, Pearl, Sherise, and Alonso recently joined a support group for alcoholics. Which
statement is probably true?

B) Two of them will relapse within a few months.

At the end of the teenage years, nearly 70 percent of U.S. young people __________.

C) have had sexual intercourse

Sexual partners, whether dating, cohabiting, or married, tend to be similar in __________.

A) age, education, and ethnicity

Young people between 25 and 34 are __________.

B) the most avid users of dating sites and apps

When adults of any age are asked how many sexual partners they have had in the past year,
the usual reply is __________.

A) one

Which statement about sexual attitudes over the past four decades is true?

D) Acceptance of premarital sex rose sharply after the mid-2000s.

Which statement about the sex lives of American adults is true?

D) As number of sex partners increases, sexual satisfaction declines sharply.

The sexual problems most often reported by men are anxiety about performance and
__________.

C) climaxing too early

__________ of Millennials approve of legalized same-sex marriage.

D) Nearly three-fourths

In the United States, __________.

C) acceptance of sexual minorities is greatest among highly educated people who are low in
religiosity

The majority of victims of rape or other forms of sexual coercion were first victimized
__________, and the perpetrators are usually __________.

B) before age 25; men they know well

Which statement about sexual coercion is true?

C) People of all SES and ethnic groups are offenders and victims.

Male victims of sexual coercion __________.

A) often face unsympathetic and blaming social attitudes

Which statement about sexual coercion is true?

B) When men are taught to be dominant, competitive, and aggressive, the themes of rape are
reinforced.

Victims of rape and other sexual crimes report __________.

C) more symptoms of illness across almost all body systems

Which statement about rape prevention and treatment is true?

A) Practically no services are available for victimized men, who are often too embarrassed to
come forward.

Southern University is revising its sexual coercion prevention and treatment program. Which
action step is the most likely to be effective?

B) Combat rape myths that victims “wanted it” and are to blame.

Which statement is true about stress in early adulthood?

D) Young adults more often report depressive symptoms than middle-aged people.

__________ adults are better than __________ adults at coping with stress.

B) Middle-aged and older; young

Which statement about cognitive development in early adulthood is true?

D) The cognitive changes of early adulthood are supported by further development of the
prefrontal cortex.

Dr. Castillo focuses her research on postformal thought. She studies how __________ in
adulthood.

C) thinking becomes increasingly rational and flexible

Bryson and his co-workers are developing a new sales strategy. When Bryson’s conclusions
differ radically from the rest of the team, he considers the justifiability of his conclusions and
revises them slightly. Bryson is engaged in __________.

A) epistemic cognition

Xavier believes everything his college professor says because she is in a respected position.
He thinks that knowledge is certain and that the professor has that knowledge. Xavier is engaged
in __________.

B) dualistic thinking

In his third year of college, Omar comes to the realization that there are multiple possible truths, rather than one absolute truth, which are each relative to its context. Omar is engaged in
__________.

A) relativistic thinking

When Imelda considers which of five movies most deserves an Oscar, she moves beyond the
stance that everything is a matter of opinion and generates rational criteria against which the
movies can be evaluated. Imelda is engaged in __________.

D) commitment within relativistic thinking

Which adult is the most likely to engage in commitment within relativism?

D) Nadia, a 26-year-old graduate student

With the birth of Olga’s first child, she felt more fulfilled than ever before. However, she
also acknowledged feelings of concern and fear over being able to meet all of her parental
responsibilities while maintaining personal happiness and satisfaction. Olga’s feelings reflect
__________.

B) cognitive-affective complexity

For young adults, __________ is supported by the specialization that begins with selecting a
college major or an occupation.

C) expertise

Compared with novices, experts __________.

B) remember and reason more quickly and effectively

Yuri is a musician, Inez is an artist, and Danielle is a scientist. Which statement is probably
true?

A) Danielle’s creativity will peak later than that of the other two.

Clifton has developed master-level creativity. This means that Clifton probably __________.

B) has the capacity to think intuitively with a reduced filter

From the freshman to the senior year of college, most students __________.

A) become better at reflecting on the quality of their thinking

College students who __________ show large cognitive gains.

C) connect their community service experiences with their classroom learning

Which young adult is least likely to have a college degree?

C) Liane from the United States

Colleges that __________ have a higher percentage of dropouts.

A) have less selective admissions requirements

In a study examining the importance of academic engagement in college for successful
transition to the labor market, researchers found that __________.

D) most participants gained little in collegiate learning during their four years of college

Since the 1970s, __________.

B) institutions have redefined college students as consumers

Eight-year-old Marci is involved in community theater. She fantasizes about starring in a
Broadway musical. Marci’s desire to be an actress __________.

A) will probably bear little relation to the vocational decisions that she will eventually make

When asked about her future vocational choice, 14-year-old Solange says, “I’m good at math
and I like solving problems. But I like helping people. So maybe teaching math or working as an
engineer would be good.” Solange is in the __________ period of vocational development.

B) tentative

During the realistic period of vocational development, the first step is often __________, and
the final phase is __________.

D) further exploration; crystallization

Shanika enjoys working with ideas. Madison is emotional and has a high need for individual
expression. According to Holland’s six personality types, Shanika is __________ and Madison is
__________.

A) investigative; artistic

According to Holland, people who choose construction, plumbing, or surveying prefer
__________.

B) real-world problems

Deon likes well-structured tasks and values material possessions. Alecia prefers working
with people. According to Holland’s six personality types, Deon is __________ and Alecia is __________.

C) conventional; social

According to Holland, the enterprising person is drawn to __________.

A) sales and supervisory positions or politics

In longitudinal research, teacher expectations for educational attainment mattered most for
__________ students.

B) low-SES

Which statement about gender stereotypes and vocational choice is true?

C) Women remain concentrated in less-well-paid, traditionally feminine professions.

An investigation of science-oriented young people in 50 nations revealed that in every
country, __________.

B) males express greater confidence than females in their science ability

Which statement about non-college-bound young adults is true?

C) Nearly 20 percent of U.S. recent high school graduates who do not continue their education
are unemployed.

American employers regard recent high school graduates as __________.

C) unprepared for skilled business and industrial occupations and manual trades

About 60 percent of __________ youths participate in successful work‒study
apprenticeships instead of attending college-preparatory high schools.

B) German