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A&P 2 Reproductive System

front 1

List the two principal functions of the testis?

back 1

    1. Produce sperm
    2. Produce Testosterone

front 2

How might enlargement of the prostate interfere with urination or the reproductive ability of the male?

back 2

As it enlarges, layers of tissue surrounding it stops it from expanding causing the gland to press against the urethra. THis constriction of the urethra may lead to non passage of the urine or sperm.

front 3

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers?

back 3

Ovulation

front 4

The rete testis is connected to the epididymis by?

back 4

Large efferent ductules

front 5

Why are the testes located in the scrotum rather than inside the ventral body cavity?

back 5

Because the testes produce sperm at 2 degrees less than normal body temp.

front 6

The testis is divided into a number of lobes by connective tissue. Each of these lobes contains one to four______which converge to empty sperm into another set of tubules called the_______?

back 6

  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Rete testie

front 7

On average a typical ejaculation releases approximately how many sperm cells?

back 7

300 Million

front 8

Describe the composition of semen, and name all structures contributing to its formation?

back 8

Sperm and the alkaline secretions of the prostate, seminal vesicles (also containing fructose) and the bulbourethral glands.

front 9

Of what importance is the fact that seminal fluid is alkaline?

back 9

It helps neutralize the sperm against the acid environment of the female reproductive tract

front 10

The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract: ductus deferens, urethra, ejaculatory duct, epididymis. Put them in correct order in which sperm pass through these structures from the testes to the penis?

back 10

  • Epididymis
  • Ductus Deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Urethra

front 11

How many sperm cells are formed from a primary spermatocyte?

back 11

2

front 12

A common part of any physical examination of the male is palpation of the prostate. How is this accomplished?

back 12

Physician gently inserts finger through the anterior wall of the rectum

front 13

At the time of birth the ovaries contain only ______ oocytes?

back 13

Primary

front 14

During oogenesis the first meiotic division is completed just prior to?

back 14

ovulation (first polar body) secondary oocyte

front 15

ova develop from stem cells called?

back 15

Oogonia

front 16

an ovum will only complete meiosis if it is?

back 16

If it is fertilized by sperm

front 17

Sperm develop from stem cells called?

back 17

Spermatogonia

front 18

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is?

back 18

Progesterone

front 19

Using the following terms, trace the pathway of sperm from the testes to the urethra: rete testis, epididymis, seminiferous tubule, ductus deferens.?

back 19

Seminiferous tubules => Rete testis => Epididymis => Ductus Deferens

front 20

The secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland is reduced by…?

back 20

Inhibin

front 21

Projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septae, divide the testis into______?

back 21

Lobules

front 22

Do any sperm enter the pelvic cavity of the female? Why or why not?

back 22

Yes, because there is no anatomic continuity between the ovary and the first part of the duct system(uterine tube)

front 23

Name the structures composing the external genitalia, or vulva, of the female?

back 23

  1. Labia majora:
    • are external rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin that enclose and protect underlying organs and tissues.
  2. Labia minora:
    • are flattened, longitudinal folds between labia majora and they are well supplied with blood vessels
  3. Clitoris:
    • an excitatory organ that resembles male penis. It is a small projection at the anterior end of the labia, and it is composed of two columns of erectile tissue
  4. Vestibule:
    • is space between labia minora that encloses vaginal and urethral openings. Vestibular glands secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual stimulation.

front 24

Match the terms provided with the descriptive statements bellow: fimbriae; uterine tube; uterus; clitoris; hymen; ovary

    1. site of fetal development
    2. partially closes the vaginal canal
    3. becomes erect during sexual excitement
    4. egg typically fertilized here
    5. produces oocytes, estrogens, and progesterone
    6. fingerlike ends of the uterine tube

back 24

    1. site of fetal development
      1. Uterus
    2. partially closes the vaginal canal
      1. Hyman
    3. becomes erect during sexual excitement
      1. Clitoris
    4. egg typically fertilized here
      1. Uterine Tube
    5. produces oocytes, estrogens, and progesterone
      1. Ovary
    6. fingerlike ends of the uterine tube
      1. Fimbriae

front 25

What is an ectopic pregnancy, and how can it happen?

back 25

When a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the uterus (womb) usually in one of the fallopian tubes.

Ask teacher

front 26

List secondary sexual characteristics in both male and female?

back 26

  • Female:
    • Growth of breasts in female
  • Male
    • Deepening voice in and facial hair growth in male

front 27

The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the?

back 27

Endometrium

front 28

Put the following vestibular-perineal structures in their proper order from the anterior to the posterior aspect: vaginal orifice, anus, urethral opening, and clitoris?

back 28

Clitoris -> Urethral Opening -> Vaginal Orifice -> Anus

front 29

Assume a couple has just consummated the sex act and the male’s sperm have been deposited in the woman’s vagina. Trace the pathway of the sperm through the female reproductive tract?

back 29

  1. Vagina
  2. Cervix
  3. Uterus
  4. Fallopian tube

front 30

A mass of erectile tissue located at the anterior margin of the labia minora is the?

back 30

Clitoris

front 31

Define ovulation?

back 31

to produce and discharge eggs from an ovary or ovarian follicle

front 32

Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of?

back 32

  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen

front 33

The structure the sperm enters upon exiting the ductus deferens is the?

back 33

Ejaculatory duct

front 34

What is the function of the cavernous bodies seen in the male penis?

back 34

The tissue can become engorged with blood, thus making the penis stiff and more effective as a penetrating device.

front 35

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for?

back 35

Follicle Maturation

front 36

Name the three layers of the uterine wall from the inside out?

    1. Which of these is sloughed during menses?
    2. Which contracts during childbirth?

back 36

  • Endometrium, Myometrium and Perimetrium
  • Which of these is sloughed during menses?
    • Endometrium
  • Which contracts during childbirth?
    • Myometrium

front 37

Describe the procedure for self-examination of the breasts. (Men are not exempt from breast cancer)?

back 37

While laying down, place one arm behind your head and with the three middle fingers of the other arm palpate the breast in a circular motion, pressing first lightly, then with increasing pressure. Check the entire breast systematically using a vertical patter from superior lateral to inferior medial regions

front 38

The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the?

back 38

Uterus

front 39

What is the function of uterus?

back 39

Organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo

front 40

Describe the process of synapsis?

back 40

The pairing of homologous chromosomes (23 tetrads become attached to spindle fibers & begin to align on the equator.

front 41

Define homologous chromosomes?

back 41

Pair of chromosomes that have the same genes at the same location but mayne different alle

front 42

The developing follicle cells secrete?

back 42

Estrogen

front 43

A general list of organs of reproductive system?

back 43

  1. Gonads (ovaries and Testes)
  2. Ductus and Tubes
  3. Accessory Glands
  4. Perineal Structures

front 44

A Pap smear is used to detect abnormal cells in the?

back 44

Cervix

front 45

Why are spermatids not considered functional gametes?

back 45

They are non-motile and have too much excess baggage to function well in a reproductive capacity

front 46

Sperm cells are stored within human males in the….?

back 46

Epididymis

front 47

The structure that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the?

back 47

Ductus deferens

front 48

Differentiate between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?

back 48

  1. Spermatogenesis: Formation of sperm cells
  2. Spermiogenesis: Process of sperm cell maturation from a spermatid

front 49

The life span of a sperm is very short. What anatomical characteristics might lead you to suspect this even if you didn’t know its life span?

back 49

No cytoplasm to store nutrients.

front 50

Sperm production occurs in the?

back 50

Seminiferous Tubules

front 51

The sequence of events leading to germ cell formation in the female begins during fetal development. By the time the child is born, all viable oogonia have been converted to….. and are at …….phase of meiosis?

back 51

  • Primary Oocyte
  • Prophase 1

front 52

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the?

back 52

Bulbourethral glands

front 53

The female gametes develop in structures called follicles. What is a follicle?

back 53

A saclike structure containing follicle cells in one or more layers that enclose a developing gamete.

front 54

What is a corpus luteum?

back 54

ovarian structure that forms from a follicle after ovulation; secretes progesterone and estrogen; prepares uterine lining to foster an embryo

front 55

The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the?

back 55

Cervix

front 56

Why are spermatids not considered functional gametes?

back 56

  • Non-motile
  • Too much excess baggage

front 57

The tubular structure that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen is the?

back 57

Seminal Vesicle

front 58

When in the uterine cycle are progesterone levels the highest? Why?

back 58

  • Secretory phase
    • Targets the uterine endometrium to prepare for implantation
    • Causes it to be thick
    • Glandular and vascular

front 59

What is the major hormone produced by the corpus luteum?

back 59

Progesterone

front 60

The cellular product of spermatogenesis is four…………. ; the final product of oogenesis is one …….. and three ………... ?

  1. What is the function of this unequal cytoplasmic division seen during oogenesis in the female?
  2. What is the fate of the three tiny cells produced during oogenesis? Why this happens?

back 60

  1. Spermatids
  2. Ovum
  3. Polar Bodies
  1. What is the function of this unequal cytoplasmic division seen during oogenesis in the female?
    1. To provide the ovum or functional gamete w/adequate nutritional reserves so that it can survive it;s journey to the uterus.
  2. What is the fate of the three tiny cells produced during oogenesis? Why this happens?
    1. They will deteriorate; they lack sustaining cytoplasm w/nutrient reserves.

front 61

During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

back 61

A new layer of endometrium is formed becoming velvety, thick, well vascularized

front 62

Why does the corpus luteum deteriorate toward the end of the ovarian cycle?

back 62

Because blood levels of the anterior pituitary hormone LH are very low

front 63

The cells that are formed at the end of meiosis during sperm production are called?

back 63

Spermatids

front 64

When during the female menstrual cycle would fertilization be unlikely? Explain why.

back 64

Anytime but the three-day interval (days 14-16) around ovulation (28 day cycle assumed)

front 65

The menstrual cycle depends on events within the female ovary. The stages of the menstrual cycle are listed below. For each, note its approximate time span and the related events in the uterus; and then to the right, record the ovarian events occurring simultaneously. Pay particular attention to hormonal events.

back 65

front 66

  1. The following statements deal with anterior pituitary and ovarian hormones and with hormonal interrelationships. Name the hormone(s) described in each statement. Key: LH (luteinizing hormone); estrogen; progesterone
    1. produced by primary follicles in the ovary
    2. stimulates LH release by the anterior pituitary
    3. exert negative feedback on the anterior pituitary relative to FSH secretion
    4. ovulation occurs after its burstlike release
    5. stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen
    6. maintains the hormonal production of the corpus luteum in a nonpregnant woman

back 66

  1. produced by primary follicles in the ovary
    • Estrogen
  2. stimulates LH release by the anterior pituitary
    • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  3. exert negative feedback on the anterior pituitary relative to FSH secretion
    • Inhibin
  4. ovulation occurs after its burstlike release
    • LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
  5. stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen
    • LH
  6. maintains the hormonal production of the corpus luteum in a nonpregnant woman
    • Progesterone

front 67

Define zygote?

back 67

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

front 68

The role of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone in males is to?

back 68

Initiate Sperm Production in the testes

front 69

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?

back 69

Secretion of progesterone for maintenance of pregnancy.

front 70

Which tube carries sperm from the scrotum to the abdominopelvic cavity?

back 70

Ductus Deferens

front 71

Fertilization of the ovum usually occurs?

back 71

isthmus of the uterine tube

front 72

In male, which gland is located just inferior to the urinary bladder?

back 72

Prostate

front 73

List functions of vagina?

back 73

  1. Copulatory organ
  2. Birth Canal

front 74

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are…?

back 74

menstrual → proliferative → secretory

front 75

On average a typical ejaculation releases approximately how many sperm cells?

back 75

300 Million

front 76

In male a tube/duct used by both urinary system and reproductive system is called…?

back 76

Urethra

front 77

Which portion of the penis contains the urethra?

back 77

Corpus Spongiosum

front 78

List accessory glands of Male reproductive system?

back 78

    1. Seminal Vesicles
    2. Prostate gland
    3. Bulbourethral gland

front 79

The male and female genital structures that consist mostly of erectile tissue include the……..and ……?

back 79

    1. Penis
    2. Clitoris

front 80

The structure that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the?

back 80

Prostate gland

front 81

List secondary sexual characteristics in both male and female?

back 81

  • Female
    • Growth of breasts in female
  • Male
    • Deepening voice in and facial hair growth in male

front 82

Where in the body are sperm stored?

back 82

Epididymis

front 83

Sperm cells are stored primarily in the?

back 83

Epididymis

front 84

The testis is divided into a number of lobes by connective tissue. Each of these lobes contains one to four______which converge to empty sperm into another set of tubules called the_______?

back 84

  • Seminiferous tubules
  • Reti Testes

front 85

Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the…?

back 85

Urethra

front 86

List hormones required for Spermatogenesis?

back 86

  • FSH
  • Testosterone
  • LH

front 87

Erection in the male is controlled by the _____ nervous system, while ejaculation is controlled by the _____ nervous system?

back 87

    1. Parasympathetic
    2. Sympathetic

front 88

Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by?

back 88

Peristaltic contractions

front 89

The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the?

back 89

Clitoris

front 90

An enzyme that sperm secretes that is important for penetration is?

back 90

Hyaluronidase

front 91

Ovulation is stimulated by a surge which hormone?

back 91

LH

front 92

A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is…?

back 92

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

front 93

During which phase of menstrual cycle a new functional layer is formed in the uterus?

back 93

Proliferation Phase

front 94

Sperm cannot fertilize an egg until they undergo?

back 94

Capacitation

front 95

Fertilization occurs in the?

back 95

Uterine tube

front 96

Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the?

back 96

Rete Testis

front 97

Human sperm cells first arise in the….?

back 97

Seminiferous tubules

front 98

Immediately after ovulation, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the?

back 98

Corpus Luteum

front 99

Increased temperature of the human scrotum would…?

back 99

Reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis

front 100

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is?

back 100

leutinizing hormone (LH)

front 101

During part of the normal menstrual cycle, when the levels of progesterone and estrogen decrease, what will occur?

back 101

Menstruation

front 102

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are….?

back 102

follicular → ovulation → luteal

front 103

During which phase of menstrual cycle the old functional layer is sloughed off?

back 103

Menstrual Phase

front 104

The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the?

back 104

Prepuce (Forskin)

front 105

What triggers menstruation (menses)?

back 105

When levels of progesterone drops

front 106

Most of the fluid in ejaculated human semen is produced by…?

back 106

Seminal Vesicles.

front 107

When in the uterine cycle are progesterone levels the highest? Why?

back 107

Secretory phase. Because it targets the uterine endometrium to prepare for implantation, causes it to be thick, glandular and vascular

front 108

The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the?

back 108

Cervix

front 109

The testis is divided into a number of lobes by connective tissue. Each of these lobes contains one to four______which converge to empty sperm into another set of tubules called the_______?

back 109

    1. Seminiferous tubules
    2. Reti Testes

front 110

When during the female menstrual cycle would fertilization be unlikely? Explain why?

back 110

Anytime but the three-day interval (days 14-16) around ovulation (28 day cycle assumed)

front 111

What are the functions of sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules?

back 111

  1. Play a key role in spermatogenesis
  2. Functions:
    1. Maintains blood-testis barrier.
    2. Supports mitosis and meiosis.
    3. Supports spermiogenesis.
    4. The secretion of inhibin.
    5. The secretion of androgen-binding protein.
    6. The secretion of Mullerian-inhibiting factor.

front 112

What uterine tissue undergoes dramatic changes during the menstrual cycle?

back 112

Endometrium

front 113

The sequence of events leading to germ cell formation in the female begins during fetal development. By the time the child is born, all viable oogonia have been converted to? primary oocytes In view of this fact, how does the total germ cell potential of the female compare to that of the male?

back 113

much smaller, and the total number is predetermined

front 114

The epithelium of the seminiferous tubules consists of?

back 114

Spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells

front 115

The muscular layer of the uterus is the?

back 115

Myometrium