A&P 2 Reproductive System
List the two principal functions of the testis?
How might enlargement of the prostate interfere with urination or the reproductive ability of the male?
As it enlarges, layers of tissue surrounding it stops it from expanding causing the gland to press against the urethra. THis constriction of the urethra may lead to non passage of the urine or sperm.
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers?
Ovulation
The rete testis is connected to the epididymis by?
Large efferent ductules
Why are the testes located in the scrotum rather than inside the ventral body cavity?
Because the testes produce sperm at 2 degrees less than normal body temp.
The testis is divided into a number of lobes by connective tissue. Each of these lobes contains one to four______which converge to empty sperm into another set of tubules called the_______?
On average a typical ejaculation releases approximately how many sperm cells?
300 Million
Describe the composition of semen, and name all structures contributing to its formation?
Sperm and the alkaline secretions of the prostate, seminal vesicles (also containing fructose) and the bulbourethral glands.
Of what importance is the fact that seminal fluid is alkaline?
It helps neutralize the sperm against the acid environment of the female reproductive tract
The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract: ductus deferens, urethra, ejaculatory duct, epididymis. Put them in correct order in which sperm pass through these structures from the testes to the penis?
How many sperm cells are formed from a primary spermatocyte?
2
A common part of any physical examination of the male is palpation of the prostate. How is this accomplished?
Physician gently inserts finger through the anterior wall of the rectum
At the time of birth the ovaries contain only ______ oocytes?
Primary
During oogenesis the first meiotic division is completed just prior to?
ovulation (first polar body) secondary oocyte
ova develop from stem cells called?
Oogonia
an ovum will only complete meiosis if it is?
If it is fertilized by sperm
Sperm develop from stem cells called?
Spermatogonia
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is?
Progesterone
Using the following terms, trace the pathway of sperm from the testes to the urethra: rete testis, epididymis, seminiferous tubule, ductus deferens.?
Seminiferous tubules => Rete testis => Epididymis => Ductus Deferens
The secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland is reduced by…?
Inhibin
Projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septae, divide the testis into______?
Lobules
Do any sperm enter the pelvic cavity of the female? Why or why not?
Yes, because there is no anatomic continuity between the ovary and the first part of the duct system(uterine tube)
Name the structures composing the external genitalia, or vulva, of the female?
Match the terms provided with the descriptive statements bellow: fimbriae; uterine tube; uterus; clitoris; hymen; ovary
What is an ectopic pregnancy, and how can it happen?
When a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the uterus (womb) usually in one of the fallopian tubes.
Ask teacher
List secondary sexual characteristics in both male and female?
The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the?
Endometrium
Put the following vestibular-perineal structures in their proper order from the anterior to the posterior aspect: vaginal orifice, anus, urethral opening, and clitoris?
Clitoris -> Urethral Opening -> Vaginal Orifice -> Anus
Assume a couple has just consummated the sex act and the male’s sperm have been deposited in the woman’s vagina. Trace the pathway of the sperm through the female reproductive tract?
A mass of erectile tissue located at the anterior margin of the labia minora is the?
Clitoris
Define ovulation?
to produce and discharge eggs from an ovary or ovarian follicle
Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of?
The structure the sperm enters upon exiting the ductus deferens is the?
Ejaculatory duct
What is the function of the cavernous bodies seen in the male penis?
The tissue can become engorged with blood, thus making the penis stiff and more effective as a penetrating device.
A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for?
Follicle Maturation
Name the three layers of the uterine wall from the inside out?
Describe the procedure for self-examination of the breasts. (Men are not exempt from breast cancer)?
While laying down, place one arm behind your head and with the three middle fingers of the other arm palpate the breast in a circular motion, pressing first lightly, then with increasing pressure. Check the entire breast systematically using a vertical patter from superior lateral to inferior medial regions
The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the?
Uterus
What is the function of uterus?
Organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo
Describe the process of synapsis?
The pairing of homologous chromosomes (23 tetrads become attached to spindle fibers & begin to align on the equator.
Define homologous chromosomes?
Pair of chromosomes that have the same genes at the same location but mayne different alle
The developing follicle cells secrete?
Estrogen
A general list of organs of reproductive system?
A Pap smear is used to detect abnormal cells in the?
Cervix
Why are spermatids not considered functional gametes?
They are non-motile and have too much excess baggage to function well in a reproductive capacity
Sperm cells are stored within human males in the….?
Epididymis
The structure that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the?
Ductus deferens
Differentiate between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?
The life span of a sperm is very short. What anatomical characteristics might lead you to suspect this even if you didn’t know its life span?
No cytoplasm to store nutrients.
Sperm production occurs in the?
Seminiferous Tubules
The sequence of events leading to germ cell formation in the female begins during fetal development. By the time the child is born, all viable oogonia have been converted to….. and are at …….phase of meiosis?
The small paired structures at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the?
Bulbourethral glands
The female gametes develop in structures called follicles. What is a follicle?
A saclike structure containing follicle cells in one or more layers that enclose a developing gamete.
What is a corpus luteum?
ovarian structure that forms from a follicle after ovulation; secretes progesterone and estrogen; prepares uterine lining to foster an embryo
The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the?
Cervix
Why are spermatids not considered functional gametes?
The tubular structure that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen is the?
Seminal Vesicle
When in the uterine cycle are progesterone levels the highest? Why?
What is the major hormone produced by the corpus luteum?
Progesterone
The cellular product of spermatogenesis is four…………. ; the final product of oogenesis is one …….. and three ………... ?
During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
A new layer of endometrium is formed becoming velvety, thick, well vascularized
Why does the corpus luteum deteriorate toward the end of the ovarian cycle?
Because blood levels of the anterior pituitary hormone LH are very low
The cells that are formed at the end of meiosis during sperm production are called?
Spermatids
When during the female menstrual cycle would fertilization be unlikely? Explain why.
Anytime but the three-day interval (days 14-16) around ovulation (28 day cycle assumed)
The menstrual cycle depends on events within the female ovary. The stages of the menstrual cycle are listed below. For each, note its approximate time span and the related events in the uterus; and then to the right, record the ovarian events occurring simultaneously. Pay particular attention to hormonal events.
Define zygote?
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes
The role of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone in males is to?
Initiate Sperm Production in the testes
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?
Secretion of progesterone for maintenance of pregnancy.
Which tube carries sperm from the scrotum to the abdominopelvic cavity?
Ductus Deferens
Fertilization of the ovum usually occurs?
isthmus of the uterine tube
In male, which gland is located just inferior to the urinary bladder?
Prostate
List functions of vagina?
In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are…?
menstrual → proliferative → secretory
On average a typical ejaculation releases approximately how many sperm cells?
300 Million
In male a tube/duct used by both urinary system and reproductive system is called…?
Urethra
Which portion of the penis contains the urethra?
Corpus Spongiosum
List accessory glands of Male reproductive system?
The male and female genital structures that consist mostly of erectile tissue include the……..and ……?
The structure that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the?
Prostate gland
List secondary sexual characteristics in both male and female?
Where in the body are sperm stored?
Epididymis
Sperm cells are stored primarily in the?
Epididymis
The testis is divided into a number of lobes by connective tissue. Each of these lobes contains one to four______which converge to empty sperm into another set of tubules called the_______?
Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the…?
Urethra
List hormones required for Spermatogenesis?
Erection in the male is controlled by the _____ nervous system, while ejaculation is controlled by the _____ nervous system?
Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by?
Peristaltic contractions
The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the?
Clitoris
An enzyme that sperm secretes that is important for penetration is?
Hyaluronidase
Ovulation is stimulated by a surge which hormone?
LH
A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is…?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
During which phase of menstrual cycle a new functional layer is formed in the uterus?
Proliferation Phase
Sperm cannot fertilize an egg until they undergo?
Capacitation
Fertilization occurs in the?
Uterine tube
Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the?
Rete Testis
Human sperm cells first arise in the….?
Seminiferous tubules
Immediately after ovulation, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the?
Corpus Luteum
Increased temperature of the human scrotum would…?
Reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is?
leutinizing hormone (LH)
During part of the normal menstrual cycle, when the levels of progesterone and estrogen decrease, what will occur?
Menstruation
In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are….?
follicular → ovulation → luteal
During which phase of menstrual cycle the old functional layer is sloughed off?
Menstrual Phase
The fold of skin that covers the glans penis is the?
Prepuce (Forskin)
What triggers menstruation (menses)?
When levels of progesterone drops
Most of the fluid in ejaculated human semen is produced by…?
Seminal Vesicles.
When in the uterine cycle are progesterone levels the highest? Why?
Secretory phase. Because it targets the uterine endometrium to prepare for implantation, causes it to be thick, glandular and vascular
The inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is the?
Cervix
The testis is divided into a number of lobes by connective tissue. Each of these lobes contains one to four______which converge to empty sperm into another set of tubules called the_______?
When during the female menstrual cycle would fertilization be unlikely? Explain why?
Anytime but the three-day interval (days 14-16) around ovulation (28 day cycle assumed)
What are the functions of sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules?
What uterine tissue undergoes dramatic changes during the menstrual cycle?
Endometrium
The sequence of events leading to germ cell formation in the female begins during fetal development. By the time the child is born, all viable oogonia have been converted to? primary oocytes In view of this fact, how does the total germ cell potential of the female compare to that of the male?
much smaller, and the total number is predetermined
The epithelium of the seminiferous tubules consists of?
Spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells
The muscular layer of the uterus is the?
Myometrium