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Chapter 7 & 8 Review

front 1

What does the cell membrane contain?

back 1

Phospholipid Bi-layer

front 2

The head of a phospholipid is__.

back 2

Hydrophilic

front 3

The tail of a phospholipid is__.

back 3

Hydrophobic

front 4

In the Fluid Mosaic Model it says: unsaturated fatty acids are __ than those rich in saturated fatty acid.

back 4

more fluid

front 5

In the Fluid Mosaic Model it says: at warm temperatures (37 Celsius/ 98.6 Fahrenheit), cholesterol__.

back 5

restrains movement of phospholipids

front 6

In the Fluid Mosaic Model it says: at cooler temperatures, a cell membrane__.

back 6

switches from a fluid state to a solid state

front 7

Type of proteins that go all the way through the membrane to the external.

back 7

Integral Proteins

front 8

Type of proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated and attach to integral proteins

back 8

Peripheral Proteins

front 9

Examples of integral proteins

back 9

Transmembrane Proteins, Transport Proteins, Receptor Proteins

front 10

Blocks the beta receptors from binding with hormones such as adrenaline

back 10

Beta blockers

front 11

Permeability is influenced by__

back 11

concentration, gradients, solubility, fluidity

front 12

Moves ions or molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (with the concentration gradient) so, it does not require energy.

back 12

Passive Transport

front 13

The types of Passive Transport are __.

back 13

Diffusion and Osmosis

front 14

The types of Diffusion are __.

back 14

Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion

front 15

Molecules pass directly through the membrane

back 15

Simple Diffusion

front 16

Molecules pass through the membrane with the help of carrier molecules

back 16

Facilitated Diffusion

front 17

In Facilitated Diffusion, the __ have a charged passageway through which water molecules or a specific solute can pass.

back 17

Channel Proteins

front 18

The concentration of solutes outside of the cell relative to inside of the cell

back 18

Tonicity

front 19

Based on the concentration of impermeable molecules (solutes) that make up a solution inside and outside the membrane

back 19

Osmolarity

front 20

When there is a higher amount of solutes outside of cell and more H20 in cell the solution is__.

back 20

Hypertonic

front 21

When there is a lower amount of solutes outside of cell and less H20 in cell the solution is__.

back 21

Hypotonic

front 22

When there is an equal amount of solutes outside of cell and an equal amountof H20 in cell the solution is__.

back 22

Isotonic

front 23

Integral membrane pore proteins that electively conduct water molecules in and out of the cell, while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes, also known as water channels.

back 23

Aquaporins

front 24

Moves ions or molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration (against the concentration gradient), assisted by enzymes so, it does require energy (usually in the form of ATP).

back 24

Active Transport

front 25

Type of Active Transport that uses ATP to pump sodium out of the cell and then bring is able to bring potassium in from outside of the cell

back 25

Na+/K+ pumps

front 26

Type of Active Transport that moves 2 molecules at the same time

back 26

Cotransport

front 27

The type of Active Transport that allows for movement of macromolecules such as proteins or polysaccharides into or out of the cell is called__.

back 27

Bulk Transport

front 28

What are the two types of Bulk Transport?

back 28

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

front 29

What are the types of Endocytosis?

back 29

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated

front 30

Type of Endocytosis that does "cell eating"; large particles/cells are engulfed by another cell

back 30

Phagocytosis

front 31

What are some example of phagocytosis?

back 31

Protists (amoeba) and White blood cells

front 32

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

back 32

Endocytosis

front 33

Cellular "drinking"; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles.

back 33

Pinocytosis

front 34

Addition of actin monomers at the plasma membrane interface generates protrusive force that drives eukaryotic motility.

back 34

Actin polymerization

front 35

Type of cells that engulf that whatever foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize

back 35

Phagocytic

front 36

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

back 36

Macrophage

front 37

Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis.

back 37

Phagosome

front 38

Protein that can assemble into a basket-like network that gives budding vesicles their shape during Endocytosis and Exocytosis

back 38

Clathrin

front 39

A highly specific cellular uptake type of Endocytosis that makes the molecule that are to be taken, bind to cell surface receptor found in a clathrin-coated pit

back 39

Receptor-mediated

front 40

A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

back 40

Exocytosis

front 41

Sum of all metabolic pathways

back 41

Cellular Metabolism

front 42

The two types of pathways in the the Metabolism are

back 42

Catabolic and Anabolic

front 43

The type of metabolic pathways that break down big molecules and release energy that was contained in the chemical bonds

back 43

Catabolic

front 44

The type of metabolic pathways that consume and store energy in the bonds when building large molecules

back 44

Anabolic

front 45

the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms.

back 45

Bioenernergetics

front 46

Energy of an object when in motion

back 46

Kinetic

front 47

Energy of an object when not in motion

back 47

Potential

front 48

Energy stored in chemical bonds

back 48

Chemical

front 49

Energy can never be created nor destroyed

back 49

First Law of Thermodynamics

front 50

Entropy of any isolated system always increases.

back 50

Second Law of Thermodynamics

front 51

a measure of disorder that increases when there is a conversion of energy that is not perfectly efficient

back 51

Entropy

front 52

A type of reaction that breaks down bigger molecules into smaller ones and also release energy

back 52

Exergonic

front 53

A type of reaction that forms bigger molecules from the intake of energy and smaller molecules

back 53

Endergonic

front 54

When an exergonic reaction powers the endergonic reaction

back 54

Coupled reaction

front 55

When energy goes from kinetic to potential

back 55

ΔG+

front 56

When energy goes from potential to kinetic

back 56

ΔG-

front 57

Performs work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

back 57

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

front 58

Type of molecule that is made in mitochondria from adenine, ribose, and phosphate group. Provides energy for reactions, activate other molecules in cell. (the free-floating rechargeable batteries in all living things)

back 58

ATP

front 59

Some functions that require ATP are

back 59

Chemical work, transport work, mechanical work

front 60

ATP is made from

back 60

ADP, Phosphate Group, and Energy

front 61

Proteins that initiate and speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

back 61

Enzymes

front 62

Substrates enter the active site, substrates and active site change shape to promote a reaction between the substrates, the substrates, bonded together, leave enzyme: the enzyme is ready for a new set of substrates

back 62

Enzymatic process

front 63

Enzymatic reactions are limited by

back 63

Amount of time and Amount of substrate

front 64

2 types of cellular regulation of enzymes

back 64

feedback inhibition and allosteric regulation

front 65

uses a metabolic pathway to turn off/on the activity of an enzyme, the body sends the signal to the cell to turn off/on activity

back 65

Feedback Inhibition

front 66

molecules bind to the activator or inhibitor sites on the enzyme to temporarily regulate its activity (drugs/poisons)

back 66

Allosteric Regulation

front 67

What are the to types of Allosteric Regulation?

back 67

Competitive Inhibition and Noncompetitive Inhibition

front 68

Type of Allosteric Regulation that goes into the active site to block entry of the substrate

back 68

Competitive Inhibition

front 69

Type of Allosteric Regulation that blocks the active site by changing the shape of the site by pushing it from outside so substrates no longer fit

back 69

Noncompetitive Inhibition

front 70

When there is a higher affinity and the active site is able to bind the substrate better, easier and for longer there is an Allosteric __ present

back 70

Activator

front 71

When there is a lower affinity and the active site is not able to bind the substrate as efficiently there is an Allosteric __ present

back 71

Inhibitor

front 72

Type of allosteric activation which changes conformation of all active sites so reactions can occur

back 72

Cooperativity

front 73

The Enzyme that breaks down ATP into ADP and P to release energy to the cell

back 73

ATPase

front 74

The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and Phosphate to release energy to the cell is called

back 74

ATP Hydrolysis

front 75

The Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ADP and Phosphate to create ATP is called

back 75

ATP Synthase

front 76

The process of catalyzing the reaction of ADP and Phosphate to create ATP is called

back 76

ATP Dehydration Synthesis

front 77

Require activation energy(usually in the form of ATP)

back 77

Enzymatic reactions

front 78

molecules that help to make enzymatic reactions occur

back 78

Coenzymes

front 79

An example of an Endergonic reaction

back 79

Synthesis of DNA

front 80

An example of an Exergonic reaction

back 80

Glycolysis