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Lecture Exam Chapters - (1,3,4,9,10,11,18)

front 1

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi

back 1

Prokaryotic

front 2

Protozoa
Algae
Multicellular animal parasites

back 2

Eukaryotic

front 3

Viruses
Prions

back 3

Acellular

front 4

_________________ is a Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, the other is unaffected.

back 4

Commensalism

front 5

______________ is a Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.

back 5

Mutualism

front 6

______________ is a Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, the other is harmed.

back 6

Parasitism

front 7

______________ protect us from overgrowth of harmful bacteria.
Help produce Vit. K and some B vitamins

back 7

Normal microbiota (used to be called flora)

front 8

Bacteria that are photosynthetic are _______________.

back 8

Producers

front 9

Bacteria/fungus that recycle essential nutrients are _______________

back 9

Decomposers

front 10

Bioremediation is

back 10

Ex. Conveting pollutants to harmless molecules
(Microbs eating oil spills, or cleaning sewage)

front 11

ROBERT HOOKE

back 11

1665 - See first Cells
Beginning of cell theory (all living things are composed of cells)

front 12

Anton van Leeuwewnhoek

back 12

"Father of Microscopy"
"animalcules" 1673-1723

front 13

Francesco Redi

back 13

1699
Disproved spontaneous generation with experiment of meat in a jars some covered with Gauze

front 14

CELL THEORY

back 14

1.) All living things are composed of cells
2.) Cells can only come from preexisting cells

front 15

John Needham

back 15

1745
Microbes appeared after pouring boiled nutrient broth into flasks that were then covered.

front 16

Lazzaro Spallanzani

back 16

1765
Microbes did not grow when the second flasks were heated after the broth was poured in.

front 17

Rudolf Virchow

back 17

1858
Claimed living cells can only come from preexisting cells Second tenet of the cell theory

front 18

Louis Pasteur

back 18

1861-disproved spontaneous generation *Biogenesis – life comes from life
Using flask w/ S Shaped neck.

Discovered HOW vaccinations worked after Jenner's 1796 cowpox discovery

front 19

Ignaz Semmelweiss

back 19

1840’s
Realized Germs were transmitted on our hands b/c post-partum mothers did not die with midwives, but did often die at Hospitals.

Saw his co-work get sick/die after cutting himself while working on corpse

front 20

John Lister

back 20

1860s (Listerine named after him)
Put together Semmelweiss’ handwashing observations and Pasteur’s work
Began disinfecting surgical wounds & surgical instruments Proved microorganisms caused surgical wound infections (use Carboxlic Acid to disinfect tools)

front 21

Robert Koch

back 21

1846
Discovered:
the bacterium that caused Anthrax in cattle
Bacterium that caused TB
Rules for controlling cholera outbreaks

front 22

Koch's Postulates

back 22

1. The specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animals suffering from a specific disease, but should not be found in healthy animals

2. The specific microorganism should be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture on artificial laboratory media

3. This freshly isolated microorganism, when inoculated into a healthy non-immune laboratory animal, should cause the same disease seen in the original animal

4. The microorganism should be re-isolated in pure culture from the experimental infection

front 23

John Snow

back 23

Founder of Epidemiology
1854 Broad Street Pump (Cholera outbreak)

front 24

Edward Jenner

back 24

1796 - (Vaccination) Discovered exposure to cowpox prevented smallpox

front 25

Alexander Fleming

back 25

1928 - Penicillium fungus killed S. aureus
1940 - Penicillin mass produced

front 26

_________________is the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points.

back 26

Resolution

front 27

______________________wavelengths of light provide greater resolution

back 27

Shorter

front 28

___________________ is a measure of the light-bending ability of a medium

back 28

refractive index

front 29

Microscope Requiring - Ultrathin sections of specimens, therefore specimen is killed and fixed to side, however allows you to see what is inside specimen.
magnifies 10,000-100,000x can see viruses

back 29

Transmission Electron Microscopy

front 30

Microscope Allowing whole specimen, allows visualizing surface of specimen

Resolution 10nm - 1000-10,000x

back 30

Scanning Electron Microscopy

front 31

Coloring a specimen with a dye that emphasizes certain structures

back 31

Staining

front 32

Specimen stained with only one dye is a _____________ stain

back 32

Simple

front 33

___________________ Colored ion in stain

back 33

Chromophore

front 34

In ______________ Dyes the chromophore is positively charged

back 34

Basic dyes (pH)

front 35

In _____________ Dyes the chromophore is negatively charged.

back 35

Acidic dyes (pH)

front 36

________________ Intensifies the stain

back 36

Mordant

front 37

Bacteria have a slightly ___________________ charge

back 37

Negative

front 38

_________________ Stains used to distinguish between bacteria

back 38

Differential
(ex. Gram stain/Acid-fast stain)

front 39

In Gram Staining ____________ is the Primary Stain

back 39

Crystal Violet

front 40

In Gram Staining ____________ is the Mordant

back 40

Iodine

front 41

In Gram Staining ______________ is the Decolorizing Agent.

back 41

Alcohol/Acetone

front 42

In Gram Staining the counterstain is __________________.

back 42

Safranin

front 43

The color of Crystal Violet is _____________.

back 43

Purple

front 44

The color of Safranin is ________________.

back 44

Red/Pink

front 45

Bacterium with a waxy cell wall are best stained with __________.

back 45

Acid-fast stain

front 46

Mycobacterium and Nocardia are best stained with ________________ because of their waxy cell wall.

back 46

Acid-Fast
Mycobacterium causes TB

front 47

Primary Stain of Acid-Fast is __________________.

back 47

Carbolfuchsin

front 48

Decolorizing Agent of Acid-Fast staining is _______________.

back 48

Acid/Alcohol

front 49

Couterstain in Acid-Fast is _________________.

back 49

Methylene Blue

front 50

What color is Carbolfuchsin?

back 50

Red

front 51

Name some examples of why you need to use "Special Stains"

back 51

1.)Capsule Stain (negative staining)
2.)Endospore Stain
3.)Flagella stain

front 52

Small, unicellular cells with DNA NOT enclosed in a nucleus are _____________ cells.

back 52

Prokaryotic

front 53

Typically larger cells, with membrane bound organelles, sometimes multicellular are ___________________ cells.

back 53

Eukaryotic

front 54

Name the shape of prokaryotic cells that appear round or spherical.

back 54

Cocci

front 55

Name the shape of prokaryotic cells that appear rod-shaped.

back 55

Bacilli

front 56

Name the shape of prokaryotic cells that appear spiral shaped.

back 56

Spiral

front 57

Name some rare-shapes for prokaryotic cells

back 57

Star
Rectangular

front 58

Name and Describe the (5) possible arrangements of cocci bacteria

back 58

1.) a single cocci
2.) a diplococci (2 bound together in a single plane)
3.) Streptococci (chain)
4.) tetrad (bound in 2 planes x,y)
5.) Sarcinae (orderly bound in 3 planes - x,y.z)
6.) Staphylococci - (NONorderly, in 3 planes, CLUMPS)

front 59

What is the shape of Bacillus?

back 59

Rod Shapped

front 60

Name and describe the (4) possible arrangements of bacilli

back 60

1.) Single Bacillus (rod)
2.) Diplobacilli (2 hooked together end to end)
3.) Streptobacilli (multiple cells, hooked end to end in a chain)
4.) Coccobacillus (Squished/Pill shaped, stacked next to each other)

front 61

Describe a palisade Arrangement.

back 61

Joined at the ends, but at angles to each other, usually only a few hooked together. Example Corynebacteria (Causes diphtheria)

front 62

The bacteria shape with a slight curve is _________________

back 62

Vibrio

Ex. V. cholerae (Causes cholera)

front 63

The bacteria with a wave shape is __________________

back 63

Spirillum

front 64

The bacteria with a corkscrew shape is ______________

back 64

Spirochete

Ex. Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis)

front 65

What Colony Morphology - Shape is this

back 65

Circular

front 66

What Colony Morphology - Shape is this

back 66

Rhizoid

front 67

What Colony Morphology - Shape is this

back 67

Irregular

front 68

What Colony Morphology - Shape is this

back 68

Filamentous

front 69

What Colony Morphology - Shape is this

back 69

Spindle

front 70

What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?

back 70

Entire

front 71

What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?

back 71

Undulate

front 72

What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?

back 72

Lobate

front 73

What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?

back 73

Curled

front 74

What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?

back 74

Rhizoid

front 75

What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?

back 75

Filamentous

front 76

Describe the elevation Morphology of these colonies.

back 76

1. Flat
2. Raised
3. Convex
4. Pulvinate
5. Umbonate

front 77

A sticky gelatinous polymer, made up of polysaccharides and/or, usually made inside the cell and secreted to outside the cell wall is called

back 77

Glycocalyx (Sugar coat)

front 78

Name 2 types of Glycocalyx

back 78

1.) Slime Layer
2.) Capsule

front 79

A Glycocalyx that is unorganized, loosely attached to cell wall is a ________________ layer.

back 79

Slime

front 80

A Glycocalyx organized, firmly attached to cell wall, contributes to pathogenicity and prevents phagocytosis is a __________________.

back 80

Capsule

front 81

What is a biofilm?

back 81

Glycolcalyx and other material make up biofilm.
Helps cells attach to surfaces and each other.

front 82

Prokaryotic flagellum are made up of chains of _________.

back 82

flagellin

front 83

Prokaryotic flagellum are attached at their base by a structure called the _____________.

back 83

Protein hook

front 84

Prokaryotic flagellum are anchored to the wall and membrane by their _______________.

back 84

Basal body
(like a drywall anchor)

front 85

Describe a prokaryotic cell with Peritrichous flagellum.

back 85

Flagellum all-over

front 86

Describe a prokaryotic cell with Monotrichous/polar flagellum.

back 86

single flagella (at one end if polar)

front 87

Describe a prokaryotic cell with Lophotrichous/Polar flagellum.

back 87

A tuft of flagella (at one end if polar)

front 88

Describe a prokaryotic cell with Amphitrichous/polar flagellum.

back 88

flagella on both ends

front 89

The flagella in a gram positive cell attaches in a cell wall with _______ Rings.
The flagella in a gram negative cell attaches in a cell wall with ______ Rings.

back 89

Gram Positive has - 1 Ring
Gram Negative has - 2 Rings

front 90

Name and describe the flagella like structure in spirochetes.

back 90

Axial Filament
Corkscrew-like movement provide taxis.

front 91

Flagellum movement in Eukaryotic cells is caused by ______________.

back 91

Central microtubules:Doublet Microtubles in a 9+2 arrangement.

front 92

Are Fimbriae found in some Gram POSITIVE or Gram NEGATIVE bacteria?

back 92

Some Gram Negative

front 93

What are Fibriae

back 93

Made of protein Pilin, used for adherence of other cells/surfaces (biofilms/epithelial cells)

front 94

What are Pili

back 94

- Structure similiar to Fimbriae, but used for motility (grappling hook/gliding).
Also used for DNA transfer b/w bacteria conjugation.

front 95

____________________ bacteria have no cell wall, plasma membranes have sterols.

back 95

Mycoplasma

front 96

___________________ have no cell wall or walls without peptidoglycan appear gram-negative, but not same as gram-negative bacteria

back 96

Archaea

front 97

___________________ & __________________ species have mycolic acid in cell wall prevents uptake of Gram stain dyes identified with acid-fast stain

back 97

Mycobacterium & Nocardia

front 98

What type of Cell Wall do animal cells have?

back 98

No Cell Wall

front 99

What type of Cell Wall do Plants have?

back 99

Cellulose

front 100

What type of Cell Wall do Fungi have?

back 100

Chitin

front 101

What type of Cell Wall do Algae have?

back 101

cellulose

front 102

What type of Cell Wall do Protozoa have?

back 102

Pellicle (protein)

front 103

________________ proteins are on inner and outer surfaces include Enzymes, receptors, support

back 103

Peripheral

front 104

___________ proteins Transmembrane include Channels, carriers, pumps

back 104

Integral

front 105

Active Transport requires

back 105

ATP

front 106

Simple and Facilitated diffusion are ?
A.) Passive
B.) Active

back 106

A.) Passive

front 107

True or False:
Eukaryotic cells DO NOT use group translocation.

back 107

True

front 108

Eukaryotic cell membrane carbohydrates function as___________________?

back 108

Identity Markers

front 109

Cell membranes containing carbohydrates and sterols are found in Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Cells

back 109

Eukaryotic

front 110

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell???
uses endocytosis (active process) - pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated

back 110

Eukaryotic

front 111

Gram POSITIVE or NEGATIVE? cell walls contain2 types of teichoic acid and many peptidoglycans.

back 111

Gram Positive

front 112

True or False
Gram Positive Cell Walls have an outer membrane

back 112

FALSE

front 113

True or False
Gram Negative Cell Walls have an outer membrane

back 113

TRUE

front 114

True or False
Animal cells contain Peptidoglycan.

back 114

FALSE!!!!!

front 115

A type of transport unique to prokaryotes in which glucose passes through a channel is phosphorylated and then too large to leave the cell is ____________________.

back 115

Group Translocation (of Glucose)

front 116

Crenation is ___________________.

back 116

Shrinking/wrinkling up of cell (such as in hypertonic solutions)

front 117

Cytolysis is _________________________.

back 117

bursting of cell wall (such as in hypotonic solutions)

front 118

Plasmolysis is _________________.

back 118

Shrinking away/wrinkling of a plasma membrane from a cell membrane (such as when plant cell placed in hypertonic solution)

front 119

Region in prokaryotes where DNA is located

back 119

Nucleoid

front 120

True or False
Bacteria DNA is bound to histone proteins.

back 120

FALSE

Most bacterial DNA is located on one single large circular chromosome

front 121

What is a plasmid?

back 121

In Prokaryotes - Small circular, contain DNA, generally genes coded here not critical for survival (Plasmids may be exchanged b/w organisms - thought to help replicate, segregate chromosome)

front 122

Site of protein synthesis (translation) in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

back 122

RIBOSOMES

front 123

_________________ cells have free Ribosomes and Bound Ribosomes (ER).

back 123

Eukaryotic

front 124

________________ cells have only free ribosomes (no ER)

back 124

Prokaryotic

front 125

Contins 80S ribosomes, composed of 60S and 40S sub-units

back 125

Eukaryotes

tip (remember E-even #, E-eukaryotes)

front 126

Contains 70S ribosomes, composed of 50S and 30S sub-units

back 126

Prokaryotes

front 127

__________________ inclusions are reserves of inorganic phosphate for making ATP. Made by cells in phosphate-rich environment

back 127

VOLUTIN (metachromatic granules)

Diagnostic for C. diphtheria

front 128

______________ inclusisons are glycogen and starch storage, common in bacterial but found in eukaryotic cells too

back 128

Polysaccharide granules

front 129

____________ Inclusions are stored poly-hydroxybutyric acid found in bacteria for an energy reserve

back 129

LIPID

front 130

___________ Inclusions take CO2 from air to make organic compounds

back 130

Carboxysomes

front 131

____________ gas surrounded by protein to provide buoyance in aquatic prokaryotes

back 131

Gas Vacuoles

front 132

_______________ inclusions found in bacteria that use sulfur for energy

back 132

Sulfur granules

front 133

_______________ inclusion that contain Iron Oxide, allows geo-magnetic orientation, may detoxify H2O2

back 133

Magnetosomes

front 134

A thick Wall Cell produced under unfavorable Conditions, resistant to antibiotics, temperature, dehydration, starvation.

back 134

Endospore

front 135

Endospore returning to "life"

back 135

vegitation

front 136

Process of forming an endospore

back 136

Sporulation

front 137

Site of metabolism in prokaryotes is _____________________.

back 137

Plasma membrane.

front 138

Pneumonic:
Do Keep Plates Clean Or Family Gets Sick

King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

back 138

Life
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

front 139

The science of classifying organisms, provides universal names, and reference for identifying organisms

back 139

TAXONOMY

front 140

Classified by cell types (differences in rRNA, membrane lipid structure, tRNA, sensitivity to Antibiotics

back 140

DOMAINS

(Proposed by Carl Woese in 1978)

front 141

ENDOSYMBIOSIS

back 141

no data

front 142

Carolus Linnaeus

back 142

Defined Hierarchical classification (TAXONOMY) 1700's

front 143

Eukaryotic species (definition)

back 143

a group of closely related organism that breed among themselves.

front 144

Prokaryotic Species (definition)

back 144

a population of cells with similar characteristics

front 145

Culture

back 145

Cells grown in laboratory

front 146

Clone

back 146

Population of cells derived from a single cell

front 147

Strain

back 147

genetically different cells w/in a clone

front 148

Selective Media

back 148

Suppresses unwanted microbs; encourages desired microbs

front 149

Differential Media

back 149

Differentiation of colonies of desired microbs from others

front 150

Phage

back 150

a virus that infects bacteria

front 151

Western Blot is used for Protein or DNA?

back 151

PROTEIN ONLY