front 1 What do enzymes do? | back 1 Speed up reactions/ catalyze them |
front 2 How does temperature affect enzymes? | back 2 If temp is too low, there is not enough kinetic energy, if temp is too high, enzymes denature, Rate of reaction increases as temp increases to a maximum then declines when temperature continues to increase |
front 3 Enzymes | back 3 Proteins that speed up or catalyze a reaction |
front 4 Active site | back 4 Substrate binding site |
front 5 Denaturation | back 5 Breakdown of secondary and tertiary structures of protein |
front 6 Competitive inhibitor | back 6 Binds and competes for active site on enzyme |
front 7 Non-Competitive Inhibitor | back 7 Impede activity without binding to active site (Changes active site shape) |
front 8 Ea (activation energy) | back 8 energy needed to make a reaction occur, catalysts provide this to reactions |
front 9 Cofactors | back 9 Usually metallic ions that assist enzymes |
front 10 Coenzymes | back 10 Organic cofactors |
front 11 Catecholase | back 11 found in fruits and veggies (potatoes), facilitates reaction between catechol and oxygen |
front 12 What is catechol converted to? | back 12 Benzoquinone |
front 13 How does pH affect enzymes? | back 13 Each enzyme has an optimal pH, if too high or too low enzymes denature |
front 14 How does enzyme concentration affect enzymes? | back 14 More enzymes means faster product, with more enzymes means more active sites, more enzymes raise saturation level |
front 15 How does substrate concentration affect enzymes? | back 15 When raised the velocity of the reaction will increase until it reaches saturation point (maximum) then remain constant |
front 16 Cellular Respiration Formula | back 16 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy |
front 17 Heterotrophs | back 17 Do not use photosynthesis but obtain food from outside sources |
front 18 Facultative anaerobes | back 18 can live in aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Ex: yeast) |
front 19 Glycolysis: aerobic or anaerobic? | back 19 Anaerobic |
front 20 Where does glycolysis happen? | back 20 In cytoplasm |
front 21 What does glycolysis produce? | back 21 4 ATP 2 pyruvate |
front 22 Dehydrogenase | back 22 Transfers H+ from substrate to coenzyme |
front 23 What coenzymes does glycolysis produce? | back 23 2 NADH |
front 24 Where does fermentation happen? | back 24 Cytoplasm |
front 25 What is fermentation? What are the types? | back 25 Metabolizes pyruvate when O2 is unavailable, produces 2 ATP, yields alcohol and CO2 or lactic acid |
front 26 Why is there iodoform (flaky yellow precipitate) when yeast, NaOH, and lugols are mixed? | back 26 Iodoform forms from interaction with the alcohol because fermentation happened |
front 27 What is the transition reaction? | back 27 Happens in mitochondria, converts pyruvate to CoA, makes CO2 as a by-product |
front 28 Where does the Kreb Cycle happen? | back 28 Matrix of mitochondria |
front 29 Krebs: aerobic or anaerobic? | back 29 Aerobic |
front 30 what are Coenzymes of Krebs? | back 30 NADH and FADH2 |
front 31 what are Products of Krebs? | back 31 1 CoA = 1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, & 1 NADPH doubled for complete glucose |
front 32 What is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP? | back 32 Electron transport chain, ATP synthase uses H+ gradient |
front 33 Where is the electron transport chain? | back 33 Inner membrane mitochondria |
front 34 Cristae | back 34 Inner folds of mitochondria |
front 35 H2O | back 35 By-product of electron transport chain |
front 36 O2 | back 36 Final electron acceptor of electron transport chain |
front 37 Photosynthesis equation | back 37 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 |
front 38 What does photosynthesis do? | back 38 Captures sun light energy and stores it in chemical bonds of carbohydrates |
front 39 Stomata | back 39 Underside of leaves, closes in intense heat |
front 40 Xylum | back 40 Water transport system (roots to stem) |
front 41 Where does light reaction happen? | back 41 Thylakoids |
front 42 Granum | back 42 Stack of thylakoids |
front 43 Stroma | back 43 Outside of granum |
front 44 Chlorophyll A | back 44 Main chlorophyll pigment |
front 45 Chlorophyll B | back 45 More O's in ring structure than other chlorophyll pigment |
front 46 Carotenoids | back 46 Accessory pigments for excess light |
front 47 Xanthophyll | back 47 Pigment within vacuoles and do not perform photosynthesis |
front 48 Light-Dependent Reaction Equation | back 48 H2O + ADP + Pi + NADP+ --> ½ O2 + ATP + NADPH + H+ |
front 49 Which photosystem phosphorylates ADP? | back 49 Photosystem I |
front 50 What splits H2O in photosynthesis? | back 50 light |
front 51 Where do the things from noncyclic photosystem II go? | back 51 O2 into atmosphere, H+ to electron transport, electrons to photosystem I |
front 52 What wavelength is violet? | back 52 400nm |
front 53 What wavelength is blue? | back 53 450nm |
front 54 What wavelength is green? | back 54 500nm |
front 55 What wavelength is yellow? | back 55 550nm |
front 56 What wavelength is orange? | back 56 600nm |
front 57 What wavelength is red? | back 57 700nm |
front 58 What wavelength is gamma? | back 58 < 1nm |
front 59 What wavelength is X-ray? | back 59 <1-100nm |
front 60 What wavelength is UV? | back 60 100-350nm |
front 61 What wavelength is infrared? | back 61 750- <1 millimeter |
front 62 What wavelength are microwave waves? | back 62 <1 millimeter- 1 meter |
front 63 What wavelength are radio waves? | back 63 Thousands of meters |
front 64 Active spectrum | back 64 relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light (colors) for light- dependent processes |
front 65 Which pigment is heaviest? | back 65 Chlorophyll B |
front 66 Which pigment is lightest? | back 66 Carotenoids |
front 67 Absorption spectrum | back 67 absorbance vs wavelength graphs |
front 68 Dark reaction equation | back 68 6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H+ -->C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + 12 NADP+ + 6 H2O |
front 69 What happens in dark reaction? | back 69 Energy is stored by carbon dioxide fixation in carbohydrates |
front 70 What is the result of mitosis? | back 70 Two identical daughter cells |
front 71 Karyokinesis | back 71 nucleus division |
front 72 cytokinesis | back 72 cytoplasm division |
front 73 Chromatin | back 73 loosely packaged, not condensed DNA |
front 74 Chromatid | back 74 condensed DNA |
front 75 Centromeres | back 75 Waist of chromosome where sister chromatids attach |
front 76 When does replication happen? | back 76 S phase |
front 77 What happens in G2? | back 77 Cells are preparing to divide |
front 78 What percent of a cells life is interphase? | back 78 90% |
front 79 what are the Three phases of interphase? | back 79 G1, G2, S |
front 80 What is the "restriction phase"? | back 80 G1 |
front 81 G0 | back 81 Non dividing phase |
front 82 Cell cycle | back 82 Describes life history of actively dividing cells |
front 83 What happens in prophase? | back 83 Chromatin condenses, Centrioles go to poles and produce spindle fibers |
front 84 Centrosome | back 84 2 centrioles |
front 85 What does microtubules form from? | back 85 tubulin |
front 86 Where do the spindle fibers attach? | back 86 Kinetochore |
front 87 What happens in metaphase? | back 87 Sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate, Attached by spindle fibers to opposite centrioles |
front 88 What happens in anaphase? | back 88 Sister chromatids separate at centromeres, Spindle fibers shorten at kinetochore end, Separated chromatids are called daughter chromosomes |
front 89 What happens in telophase? | back 89 Spindle apparatus disappears, Nuclei and nucleoli reform, Chromosomes decondense and reform diffuse chromatin, 2 product daughter cells are identical, cytokinesis |
front 90 What is cytokinesis? How does this happen in animals? Plants? | back 90 Separation of cytoplasm, cleavage furrow, cell plate |
front 91 What does a cell do after mitosis? | back 91 Return to interphase |
front 92 What happens to organelles during mitosis? | back 92 ER and golgi break down and are rebuilt, Lysosomes/ ribosomes get split between two cells, Mitochondria and chloroplasts are also split between cells |
front 93 What is meiosis? | back 93 The production of sex cells or gametes |
front 94 Diploid | back 94 2n |
front 95 Haploid | back 95 n |
front 96 Spores | back 96 haploid, germinate to form haploid individuals |
front 97 What is the product of meiosis? | back 97 4 daughter cells with 1/2 # of chromosomes than parent cell |
front 98 Homologous pairs | back 98 identical in size and shape |
front 99 Locus | back 99 where genes for a particular trait are found |
front 100 Allele | back 100 2 types of one gene |
front 101 Homozygous | back 101 When alleles are the same genotype (gene content) |
front 102 Heterozygous | back 102 When alleles are different genotypes (gene content) |
front 103 Phenotype | back 103 appearance |
front 104 Mendel's first law | back 104 states that alleles segregate in meiosis, when two haploid gametes combine during fertilization, two alleles are then present in offspring |
front 105 Mendel's second law | back 105 states that alleles of unlinked genes assort independently |
front 106 What happens in prophase I? | back 106 Homologous chromosomes come together and synapse, Tetrad forms (2 chromosomes) |
front 107 Synaptonemal complex | back 107 Helps pair the homologs |
front 108 Where does crossing over happen? | back 108 Chiasmata |
front 109 What do centrioles do during Prophase I? | back 109 Centrioles replicated prior to division and move to poles |
front 110 When do spindle fibers appear? | back 110 Prophase I |
front 111 What happens in metaphase I? | back 111 Homologs line up at metaphase plate |
front 112 What happens in anaphase I? | back 112 Homologs separate, Pulled to opposite sides by kinetochore microtubules |
front 113 What happens in Telophase I? | back 113 Another centriole division, Cytokinesis, Produces 2 cells |
front 114 What happens in Interphase II? | back 114 No replication |
front 115 What happens in prophase II? | back 115 Centrioles to poles |
front 116 What happens in metaphase II? | back 116 Sister chromatids at metaphase plate |
front 117 What happens in anaphase II? | back 117 Sister chromatids loosely associated around centromere region, Sister chromatids are separated |
front 118 What happens in telophase II? | back 118 Nuclear membranes form, Cytokinesis, 4 different daughter cells |