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100 notecards = 25 pages (4 cards per page)

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A&P 2 CH. 26

front 1

Dissociate in water.

back 1

Electrolytes

front 2

Do not dissociate.

back 2

Nonelectrolytes

front 3

Spaces between cells.

back 3

interstitial

front 4

Magnesium excess.

back 4

Hypermagnesemia

front 5

Calcium depletion.

back 5

Hypocalcemia

front 6

Sodium excess.

back 6

Hypernatremia

front 7

Potassium excess.

back 7

Hyperkalemia

front 8

Sodium depletion.

back 8

Hyponatremia

front 9

An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

back 9

Edema

front 10

12) A condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins resulting in tissue edema.

back 10

Hypoproteinemia

front 11

13) A disorder entailing deficient mineralocorticoid hormone production by the adrenal cortex.

back 11

Addison's disease

front 12

14) Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.

back 12

Aldosterone

front 13

15) A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.

back 13

Hyponatremia

front 14

Sodium ions are highest in ________.

back 14

blood plasma

front 15

Potassium ions are highest in

back 15

intracellular fluid

front 16

Phosphate ions are highest in

back 16

intracellular fluid

front 17

Bicarbonate ions are highest in

back 17

interstitial fluid

front 18

Proteins are highest in ________.

back 18

intracellular fluid

front 19

21) Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus

back 19

Metabolic acidosis

front 20

22) Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose

back 20

Respiratory acidosis

front 21

23) Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack

back 21

Respiratory alkalosis

front 22

24) Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids

back 22

Metabolic alkalosis

front 23

25) Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

back 23

false

front 24

26) The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

back 24

false

front 25

27) Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

back 25

true

front 26

28) Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

back 26

false

front 27

29) The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

back 27

true

front 28

30) Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

back 28

true

front 29

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

back 29

false

front 30

32) Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration

back 30

true

front 31

33) Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, and urine only.

back 31

false

front 32

34) Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema

back 32

false

front 33

35) Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

back 33

true

front 34

36) Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.

back 34

true

front 35

37) When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

back 35

true

front 36

38) Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

back 36

true

front 37

39) Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells.

back 37

true

front 38

40) Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

back 38

false

front 39

41) To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

back 39

true

front 40

42) The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

back 40

true

front 41

43) Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

back 41

true

front 42

44) Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

back 42

true

front 43

45) Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

back 43

true

front 44

Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

back 44

false

front 45

The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

back 45

false

front 46

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low

back 46

false

front 47

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

back 47

true

front 48

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.

back 48

true

front 49

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate.

back 49

true

front 50

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

back 50

true

front 51

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

back 51

true

front 52

One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

back 52

true

front 53

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases

back 53

true

front 54

Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.

back 54

true

front 55

Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

back 55

true

front 56

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

back 56

true

front 57

Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

back 57

false

front 58

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in over-excitement of the CNS

back 58

true

front 59

61) The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

back 59

sodium ions

front 60

62) The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.

back 60

a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

front 61

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.

back 61

tissue edema

front 62

64) Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

back 62

aldosterone

front 63

65) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.

back 63

reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

front 64

66) Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

back 64

a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

front 65

67) Total body water is not a function of which of the following?

back 65

amount of water ingested

front 66

68) Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?

back 66

anabolism of lipids

front 67

69) Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

back 67

aldosterone

front 68

70) The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

back 68

plasma

front 69

71) Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults.

back 69

bicarbonate

front 70

72) Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

back 70

potassium

front 71

73) Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

back 71

K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

front 72

74) Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________.

back 72

inefficient kidneys

front 73

75) The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.

back 73

potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

front 74

76) The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

back 74

bicarbonate

front 75

77) A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

back 75

respiratory acidosis

front 76

78) The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.

back 76

is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

front 77

79) What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

back 77

atrial natriuretic peptide

front 78

80) Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?

back 78

diet

front 79

81) Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?

back 79

nucleic acid

front 80

82) Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?

back 80

increased extracellular fluid water levels

front 81

83) Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

back 81

Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

front 82

84) Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys?

back 82

antidiuretic hormone

front 83

85) The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________.

back 83

the control of respiratory ventilation

front 84

86) Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?

back 84

excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion

front 85

87) The regulation of sodium ________.

back 85

is linked to blood pressure

front 86

88) Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

back 86

metabolic acidosis

front 87

89) A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

back 87

metabolic alkalosis

front 88

90) One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.

back 88

a rise in plasma osmolality

front 89

91) Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

back 89

There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

front 90

92) The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________.

back 90

hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood

front 91

93) Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?

back 91

amount of body fat

front 92

94) The regulation of potassium balance ________.

back 92

involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

front 93

95) Respiratory alkalosis occurs when carbon dioxide is eliminated ________ than it isproduced.

back 93

faster

front 94

96) The female hormone ________ seems to decrease sodium reabsorption, thus promoting sodium and water loss by the kidney.

back 94

progesterone

front 95

The most important physiological buffer systems are the lungs and ________.

back 95

kidneys

front 96

98) The electrolyte deficiency condition where the individual may crave substances like clay, chalk, starch or burnt match tips is called ________.

back 96

pica

front 97

Parathyroid hormone regulates ________ ions in the body.

back 97

calcium

front 98

Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called ________.

back 98

amphoteric

front 99

The breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins releases ________ acid.

back 99

phospheric

front 100

Acidosis occurs when arterial blood pH is below ________.

back 100

7.35