Exam 2 Flashcards

The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis

Under normal circumstances, both divisions of the autonomic nervous system are active simultaneously

The autonomic nervous system is composed of ganglia in the central nervous system and ganglia in the periphery

Most autonomic efferent pathways involve one neuron

the parasympathetic division stimulates digestion

most preganglionic fibers synaps with postganglionic fibers in the dorsal root ganglia

all preganglionic fibers of the ANS pass through the sympathetic chain of ganglia, synapsing at least once there

the adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglia

fibers of the vagus nerve end very near or within their target organs

the autonomic effect on a target cell depends only on the neurotransmitter reaching that target cell

all sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic fibers secrete adrenaline

acrtylcholing (ACh) binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

acetylcholine (ACh) always has an excitatory effect

binding of norepinephrine (NE) to an alpha-adrenergic receptor is usually excitatory, and binding to a beta-adrenergic receptor is usually inhibitory

all autonomic output originates in the central nervous system

The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following except the __________.

Autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except __________.

Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex?

Which of the following statements is true regarding parasympathetic tone?

Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________.

The background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called ___________.

The neurotransmitter(s) associated with autonomic ganglia is(are) __________.

The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is _________. The effect of somatic fibers on target cells is __________.

Which of the following is true regarding the autonomic nervous system?

In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called __________ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head, will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to __________ its beats per minute.

The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves __________ neurons.

Preganglionic fibers run from the _________ to the __________.

Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are _________ and secrete __________.

Which of the following is not a reason that somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes?

Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in the __________.

Sympathetic fibers arise only from the __________ region(s) of the

The sympathetic chain of ganglia is found at the __________ levels of the spinal cord.

Which of the following is not a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Which of the following structures releases neurotransmitter molecules in a paravertebral ganglion?

Which of the following structures is not associated with the autonomic nervous system?

Most preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system synapse with __________.

The solar plexus is used as a name for the __________.

The adrenal medulla secretes mostly ___________.

The parasympathetic division arises from the __________ regions of the spinal cord.

Damage to the __________ may affect near vision accommodation.

White rami carry _________ neurons, while gray rami carry _________ neurons.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the enteric nervous system?

If a cell has α₁ adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to __________.

Which of the following is not under dual control of the ANS?

Propranolol, a beta-blocker, is typically used to __________.

Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation?

Muscarinic receptors bind __________.

The binding of __________ to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will __________ it.

Atropine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for an eye examination. Which receptor would atropine block?

Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of __________.

__________ is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions.

Sympathetic fibers do not release __________.

Sympathetic effects tend to last __________ than parasympathetic effects. One reason is that __________.

The enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine (NE) is called __________.

A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a ___________ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter ___________.

Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors would most likely __________.

A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called __________, which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons.

Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers?

The __________ is an especially important center of autonomic control.

Autonomic function receives input from all these except __________.

__________ nerve(s) pass(es) throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing.

Which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-fight" reaction?

The enteric nervous system controls the digestive system with no extrinsic control necessary.

Vasomotor tone is controlled by using the sympathetic division for vasodilation and the parasympathetic division for vasoconstriction.

Transduction begins with an action potential in a sensory receptor.

Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, olfaction, and touch.

Most somesthetic signals in the right side of the body reach the cerebral cortex in the contralateral primary somesthetic area.

Fast pain is a localized response mediated by myelinated nerve fibers

Divergent sensory pathways explain the phenomenon of referred pain

Olfaction results from the stimulation of chemoreceptors.

Gustatory signals travel from the tongue through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

The ossicles belong to the middle ear.

The macula sacculi is nearly horizontal and the macula utriculi is nearly vertical.

The vestibule contains organs of hearing and equilibrium.

The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber.

The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber.

Light falling on the retina is absorbed by rhodopsin and photopsin in the pigment epithelium.

Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when exposed to light.

Vitamin A is necessary for the synthesis of rhodopsin.

The output energy of all receptors is a type of __________ energy.

The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an) __________.

What is a sensation?

Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by __________.

Changes in blood pressure are detected by __________ in certain arteries.

You can smell the fragrance of your deodorant when you just put it on, but after a little while the smell fades. What explains this phenomenon?

Which organ does not have nociceptors?

Pain, heat, and cold are detected by __________.

Which of the following is not an analgesic (pain reliever) found naturally in the central nervous system?

Where do most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons?

Which of the following is not involved with spinal gating of pain signals?

In a taste bud, which cell produces a receptor potential?

Which of the following structures is visible to the naked eye?

Which taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid?

What do pheromones stimulate?

Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?

What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus?

The human ear can detect what frequency of vibrations?

Which of the following structures belong to the inner ear?

Which of the following structures houses the spiral organ?

The incus articulates with which bone(s)?

Which structure acts as a transducer in the spiral organ?

The spiral organ is housed within which of the following structures?

Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity?

Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following which pathway?

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?

Each upward movement of the basilar membrane causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening __________ gates.

A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur?

When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your __________.

When you travel in an elevator, what senses when the elevator is moving?

The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi

Which of the following does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium?

What is the correct order of cells in the retina from back to front?

Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from __________ nm.

Which of the following is not considered an accessory structure of the eye?

Which of the following is not considered an optic component of the eye?

Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the __________ is obstructed so the aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted.

Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the __________ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.

When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called __________.

An eye with which of the following conditions does not need a corrective lens to focus the image?

Which cells are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision?

What event causes rhodopsin to go from violet to clear in color?

Why do cones exhibit less neuronal convergence than rods?

What are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials?

Which of the following describes the duplicity theory of vision?

What are the first-order neurons in the visual pathway?

Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the __________.

Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except __________.

Which of the following are unencapsulated endings?

Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain?

The three types of cones in the retina are differentiated from one another by what feature?

Hormones are normally secreted via ducts into the bloodstream.

Hormones serve as intracellular messengers.

Testosterone is a gonadotropin

Many effects of growth hormone are mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) secreted by the pancreas.

Both the thymus and the pineal gland shrink after childhood.

Thyroid hormone has a calorigenic effect.

Epinephrine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect.

Cholesterol is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones.

Peptide hormones are synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes as active enzymes.

Regardless of the cause of stress, the body reacts in a fairly consistent way to different stressors.

The exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) sets in only if protein reserves are depleted.

Eicosanoids are derived from steroids

Prostaglandins are considered paracrines.

Myxedema is characterized by low metabolic rate, sluggishness, and sleepiness

Addison disease is a consequence of a tumor of the adrenal medulla.

The nervous system reacts to stimuli __________ compared to the endocrine system, adapts __________ compared to the endocrine system, and has __________ effects compared to the endocrine system.

Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?

_________ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.

The ___________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain.

The _________ secretes growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin.

The __________ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH?

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

The posterior pituitary secretes _________.

The anterior pituitary is __________ than the posterior pituitary and has __________ connection to the hypothalamus.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the __________.

The hypophyseal portal system connects the _________ with the _________.

Which of the following is not a hypothalamic hormone?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the __________.

Of the following hormones, which has more target cells in the body than the others?

Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via _________.

The infundibulum is a ___________.

__________ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas __________ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when __________.

Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion?

Which of these hormones does not stimulate the release of another hormone by its target cells?

The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.

The __________ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (white blood cells).

The __________ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system.

The __________ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia.

The __________ secrete(s) __________, which promotes Na⁺ and water retention.

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________.

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes ___________.

Which of the following is not secreted by the pancreas?

Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Which of the following is not a steroid hormone?

Which of the following is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

The absence of iodine in the diet leads to __________.

T₄ and T₃ are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood.

Which of the following enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes.

Which of the following is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger?

Which of the following makes it possible for even a small quantity of hormone to have a strong effect on its target cell?

Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone?

Circulating hormones are mostly taken up and degraded by the _________ and the __________.

Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones?

Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of _____.

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by __________.

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well-being is called __________.

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome (stress response), stress overwhelms homeostasis. One characteristic of this stage is that __________.

Which of the following is true regarding cortisol?

The initial response to stress is called the _________ and is mediated mainly by __________.

Eicosanoids are derived from __________.

Which of the following is not a role of prostaglandins?

Aspirin and ibuprofen block the __________.

Diabetes insipidus is caused by __________.

Which of the following effects on a gland can be caused by a tumor?

Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome?

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause __________ when it begins in adulthood.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of diabetes mellitus?

Which of the following statements about diabetes mellitus is false?

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to the polyuria and dehydration associated with diabetes mellitus?

TEST and EST are abbreviations for testosterone and estrogen.

Hormones that bind to proteins while transported in the blood generally have a longer half-life.

Worrying about your upcoming exam in history class is a valid form of stress