An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid
under high hydrostatic pressure is the
A) flame bulb system of
flatworms.
B) protonephridia of rotifers.
C) metanephridia
of earthworms.
D) Malpighian tubules of insects.
E)
kidneys of vertebrates.
E
The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule
A) results from active transport.
B) transfers large
molecules as easily as small ones.
C) is very selective as to
which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred.
D) is mainly a
consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus.
D
This class is so stupid
u right
Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in
A)
the vasa recta.
B) Bowman's capsule.
C) the loop of Henle.
D) the proximal tubule.
A
Which process in the nephron is least selective?
A) filtration
B) reabsorption
C) active transport
D) secretion
A
What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____.
A) electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP
B) the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes
C) the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein
D) the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus
B
The loop of Henle dips into the renal cortex. This is an important feature of osmoregulation in terrestrial vertebrates because _____.
A) absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated
B) differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient
C) the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification
D) additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle
B
Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of _____.
A) H + pumping to control pH
B) reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule
C) filtration from the glomerular capillaries
D) secretion along the distal tubule
C
If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine
production would
A) come to a complete halt.
B) decrease,
and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma.
C)
increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.
D) increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to
plasma.
E) decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared
to plasma.
C
Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid
regions is enhanced by having more
A) juxtamedullary nephrons.
B) Bowman's capsules.
C) ureters.
D) podocytes.
E) urinary bladders.
A
Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules
A)
maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids.
B) regulates the
speed of blood flow through the nephrons.
C) reabsorbs urea to
maintain osmotic balance.
C
In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of
Henle
A) are the largest epithelial cells in the body.
B)
are not in contact with interstitial fluid.
C) have plasma
membranes of low permeability to water.
D) have 50% of their
cell mass made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
E) are not
affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes.
C
The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the
following except
A) diffusion of salt from the thin segment of
the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
B) active transport of
salt from the upper region of the ascending limb.
C) the spatial
arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons.
D) diffusion of urea
from the collecting duct.
E) diffusion of salt from the
descending limb of the loop of Henle.
E
Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of
juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?
A) a
river otter
B) a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest
C) a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest
D) a mouse species living in a desert
D
If you are hiking through the desert for several days, one would pack
which of the following to ensure proper hydration?
A) a
drink with a combination of water and electrolytes
B)
caffeinated beverages
C) bottled water kept at room
temperature
D) bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that
it would be as cold as possible
A
Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after
_____.
A) drinking lots of pure water
B)
sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity
C)
eating a small sugary snack
D) blood pressure becomes abnormally high
B
After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would
expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as
_____.
A) angiotensinogen
B) renin
C)
antidiuretic hormone
D) atrial natriuretic peptide
C
After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the
result of _____.
A) increased aldosterone
production
B) increased blood pressure
C) inhibited
secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) increased
reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule
C
Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system can be triggered by _____.
A) sleeping for one
hour
B) severe sweating on a hot day
C) eating a pizza with
olives and pepperoni
D) drinking several glasses of water
B
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (the RAAS) work together in maintaining osmoregulatory
homeostasis through which of the following ways?
A) ADH
regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption
of water, and the RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by
stimulating Na+ and water reabsorption.
B) ADH and the RAAS work
antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during
dehydration and the RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it
is in excess in body fluids.
C) Both stimulate the adrenal gland
to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure
via its receptors in the urinary bladder.
D) ADH and the RAAS
combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where
reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place.
A
A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus,
is protected by
A) its plasma cells.
B) its
immunoglobulins.
C) its antibodies.
D) its antimicrobial
peptides.
E) its B cells.
D
Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity of vertebrates include
_____.
I) neutrophils
II) macrophages
III)
dendritic cells
IV) natural killer cells
A) I and
III
B) II and IV
C) I and IV
D) I, II, and III
B
The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of
the inflammatory response are _____.
A) phagocytes and
chemokines
B) dendritic cells and interferons
C) mast cells
and histamines
D) lymphocytes and interferons
C
Inflammatory responses typically include _____.
A)
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
B) reduced
permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma
C) release of
substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area
D)
inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow
A
Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that can recognize a kind of
macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in or on
certain groups of pathogens, such as viral _____.
A)
double-stranded DNA
B) double-stranded RNA
C)
glycoproteins
D) phospholipids
B
Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood
pressure, is a response to _____.
A) certain bacterial
infections
B) specific forms of viruses
C) the presence of
natural killer cells
D) increased production of neutrophils
A
who is the best person ever
a. london
b. kat
c. sammy
d. k hoe
e. alexis
f. all the above
A.
Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the
following processes?
A) filtration
B) ultrafiltration
C) selective reabsorption
D) secretion
E) active transport
C
Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in
A)
flatworms.
B) earthworms.
C) insects.
D)
vertebrates.
E) cnidarians.
A
The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the
A)
formation of filtrate at an excretory structure.
B) reabsorption
of nutrients from a filtrate.
C) selective elimination of excess
ions and toxins from body fluids.
D) formation of an osmotic
gradient along an excretory structure.
E) expulsion of urine
from the body.
C
The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the
operation of
A) protonephridia.
B) metanephridia.
C)
Malpighian tubules.
D) nephrons.
E) ananephredia.
B
Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for
osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.
A) metanephridium — flatworm
B) Malpighian tubule —
frog
C) flame bulb — snake
D) exchange across the body
surface — marine invertebrate
D
An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid
under high hydrostatic pressure is the _____.
A) flame
bulb system of flatworms
B) protonephridia of rotifers
C)
Malpighian tubules of insects
D) kidneys of vertebrates
D