Chapter 3 - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

Which of the following sugars make up the petidoglycan cell wall in bacteria?

1. N-acetyl muramic acid only
2. N-acetyl glucosamine only
3. Both A and B
4. All of the above

Taxis is

1. movement towards or away from a stimulus.
2. another word for stimulus.
3. another term for bacterial tumbling.
4. caused by the undulating motion of a bacterium.

Which term refers to a bacterium moving towards a light source?

1. Positive chemotaxis
2. Positive phototaxis
3. Negative phototaxis
4. Negative chemotaxis

As a bacterium approaches a food source, one would expect

1. flagella to stop spinning.
2. runs to become more frequent.
3. tumbles to become more frequent.
4. flagella to rotate clockwise more frequently.

Why are receptors on the cell surface necessary for bacterial movement?

1. The receptors actually spin the flagella.
2. The bacterium contains receptors that are sensitive to light.
3. The receptors physically alter shape to steer the bacterium.
4. The receptors sense the stimulus and send signals to the flagella

What structural part of a bacterial flagellum is composed of flagellin?

1. Filament
2. Basal body
3. Hook
4. Rod

How are Gram-positive and Gram-negative flagella different?

1. Each Gram-positive flagellum contains a hook; gram-negatives do not.
2. A Gram-positive flagellum has only two rings in its basal body; Gram-negatives each have four.
3. A Gram-positive flagellum does not have a membrane covering its filament;
4. A Gram-negative flagellum does. Flagella are only found in Gram-negative bacteria.

The rings

1. are curved structures into which each filament inserts.
2. are comprised of globular proteins called flagellin.
3. are covered by a membrane.
4. anchor the flagellum to the cell membrane.

The basal body is composed of

1. Hook
2. Rod
3. Rod and Hook
4. Rod and Rings
5. Rings
6. Filament

Pathogenic bacteria

1. can be identified and classified by differences in their flagellar proteins.
2. are unique because they have a membrane covering the filament.
3. have a unique basal body structure.
4. do not have flagella.

Axial filaments are found on

1. staphylococci.
2. rod-shaped bacilli.
3. streptococci.
4. spirochetes.

Peptidoglycans are composed of sugars and _____.

1. teichoic acids
2. lipids
3. nucleic acids
4. amino acids

One chain of alternating NAGs and NAMs is connected to another chain via _____.

1. tetrapeptides
2. teichoic acids
3. enzymes
4. lipids

One of the main differences between a Gram-positive and a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is that the peptidoglycan portion of a Gram-positive cell wall is _____ as compared to a Gram-negative cell wall.

1. more lipid rich
2. thicker
3. composed of a greater percentage of NAGs than NAMs
4. positively charged

Within the peptidoglycan layer, the crossbridges that connect the chains of alternating sugar molecules extend between _____.

1. an N-acetylmuramic acid and an N-acetylglucosamine
2. two N-acetylglucosamine molecules
3. two N-acetylmuramic acid molecules
4. two glucose molecules

The peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria is most analogous to _____.

1. an impenetrable brick wall
2. a rain coat
3. a sugary candy shell
4. a chain-link fence

What role do the teichoic acids play within the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria?

1. They serve as adhesins, allowing bacteria to bind to one another.
2. They serve as pores allowing the passage of ions, nutrients, and amino acids into the cell.
3. They act as crossbridges, holding the peptides and sugar molecules together.
4. They serve to stabilize the cell wall and hold it in place.

The region between the outer and inner membranes of a Gram-negative bacterial cell is known as the __________, and it is the location of enzymes that assemble peptidoglycan.

1. lipopolysaccharide layer
2. intramembranous space
3. cytoplasm
4. periplasmic space

A patient is infected with Gram-negative bacteria and is experiencing only mild symptoms. When the patient is given an antibiotic causing lysis of the bacterial cells, he suddenly experiences an increase in inflammation and fever, as well as the formation of blood clots. What explanation best describes what happened?

1. The lysis of the cells releases lipid A from the lipopolysaccharide layer.
2. The antibiotic is toxic and is affecting the patient adversely.
3. Any part of the bacterial cell wall released during lysis is seen as foreign and thereby elicits a severe immune response by the body's immune system.
4. The lysis of the cells releases NAG and NAM from the cell wall.

Protein synthesis occurs in the

A) nucleus.
B) ribosome.
C) periplasmic space.
D) cytoskeleton.
E) inclusion.

Which of the following molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane rapidly and without the use of transport proteins?

A) small hydrophilic molecules only
B) small hydrophobic molecules only
C) ions only
D) large molecules only
E) both ions and hydrophilic molecules

Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing most of the ATP in a eukaryotic cell?

A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B) Golgi body
C) mitochondrion
D) lysosome
E) nucleus

The cytoplasmic membranes of ________ contain phospholipids and proteins.

A) bacterial cells
B) eukaryotic cells
C) archaeal cells
D) both bacterial and eukaryotic cells
E) archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic cells

Bacterial cell walls that are resistant to drying contain _______.

A) lipopolysaccharide.
B) amino acids.
C) waxes.
D) carbohydrates.
E) tubulin.

Which of the following is unique to archaea?

A) fimbriae
B) peptidoglycan
C) pili
D) LPS
E) hami

Which of the following may be a component of bacterial cell walls?

A) tubulin
B) carrageenan
C) lipoteichoic acids
D) mycolic acid
E) both lipoteichoic and mycolic acids

The accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate inside a bacterial cell via phosphorylation of glucose is an example of

A) diffusion.
B) group translocation.
C) osmosis.
D) plasmolysis.
E) facilitated diffusion.

Which of the following have a periplasmic space?

A) Gram-negative bacteria only
B) Gram-positive bacteria only
C) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
D) archaea
E) eukaryotes

Endospores survive a variety of harsh conditions in part because of the presence of

A) lipopolysaccharide.
B) hopanoids.
C) dipicolinic acid.
D) glycoproteins.
E) mycolic acid.

What is the function of the cellular structure glycocalyx?

A) attach to surfaces only
B) protect from dehydration only
C) provide shape only
D) attach to surfaces and protect from dehydration
E) provide shape, attach to surfaces, and protect from dehydration

Which of the following is classified as a nonmembranous organelle of eukaryotic cells?

A) mitochondrion
B) peroxisome
C) endoplasmic reticulum
D) centriole
E) Golgi body

A lipid found in prokaryotes but NOT in eukaryotes is

A) fatty acid.
B) phospholipid.
C) triglyceride.
D) steroid.
E) hopanoid.

Which of the following is associated with the mitochondria of a eukaryotic cell?

A) inclusions

B) nucleolus

C) chromatin

D) cristae

E) thylakoids

Which of the following statements concerning pili is FALSE?
A) Pili are long, hollow tubules.
B) Pili facilitate the transfer of DNA among bacterial cells.
C) Pili are longer than fimbriae and flagella.
D) A bacterial cell will usually have only one or two pili.
E) Not all bacteria have pili.

Lipid A is a component of

A) lipopolysaccharides.
B) plant cell walls.
C) cytoplasmic membranes.
D) bacterial glycocalyces.
E) mycolic acid.

Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE?
A) Centrioles are found in a region of the cell called the centrosome.
B) Centrioles are found in all organisms except prokaryotes.
C) The structure of centrioles is similar to that of eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
D) Centrioles are believed to play a role in cellular processes such as mitosis and cytokinesis.
E) Centrioles are composed of microtubules.

Which of the following may have cell walls containing teichoic acids?

A) Gram-negative bacteria only
B) archaea
C) Gram-positive bacteria only
D) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
E) all prokaryotes

Which of the following statements concerning endocytosis and exocytosis is TRUE?
A) Waste products and secretions are exported from the cell during endocytosis.
B) Endocytosis is a form of passive transport, whereas exocytosis is a form of active transport.
C) Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which liquids are brought into the cell.
D) These processes occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
E) Endocytosis produces a structure called a food vesicle.

Cytoplasmic membranes of ________ are composed of phospholipids.

A) eukaryotes
B) archaea
C) prokaryotes
D) bacteria
E) bacteria and eukaryotes

Hopanoids are found in ________ cytoplasmic membranes.

A) prokaryotic
B) bacterial
C) archaeal
D) no
E) eukaryotic

Chloroplasts differ from mitochondria in that the former have

A) thylakoids.
B) 70S ribosomes.
C) two lipid bilayers.
D) cristae.
E) DNA.

Using a microscope, you observe an amoeba moving toward a food source. This is an example of

A) metabolism.
B) responsiveness.
C) growth.
D) reproduction.
E) cellular structure.

Some members of ________ have hami.

A) eukaryotes
B) archaea
C) bacteria
D) archaea and bacteria
E) bacteria and eukaryotes

Some ________ use group translocation as a means of transport.

A) bacteria
B) eukaryotes and prokaryotes
C) protozoa
D) eukaryotes
E) archaea

Endocytosis and exocytosis are means of transport used by

A) archaea.
B) eukaryotes.
C) bacteria.
D) all prokaryotes.
E) nothing; no cells use both processes.

Which bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms?

A) pili
B) glycocalyces
C) fimbriae
D) flagella
E) both fimbriae and glycocalyces

Which of the following is paired INCORRECTLY?
A) bacteria; peptidoglycan cell wall
B) fungi; chitin, glucomannan and/or cellulose cell wall
C) plants; cellulose cell wall
D) algae; glycocalyx present
E) archaea; polysaccharide cell wall

Which process requires a carrier protein?

A) active transport only
B) diffusion only
C) endocytosis only
D) facilitated diffusion only
E) both facilitated diffusion and active transport

Membrane rafts are found in the cytoplasmic membranes of

A) archaea only.
B) eukaryotes only.
C) bacteria only.
D) both archaea and bacteria.
E) both archaea and eukaryotes.

Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial flagella?
A) basal body
B) flagellin
C) hook
D) tubulin
E) filament

The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell performs all of the following functions EXCEPT
A) strengthening the cell surface.
B) transfer of genetic material between cells.
C) protection against dehydration.
D) anchoring cells to each other.
E) cellular recognition and communication.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?
A) performs endocytosis
B) packages cellular secretions
C) anchors organelles
D) aids in contraction of the cell
E) gives shape to the cell

The region between the outer and inner membranes of a Gram-negative bacterial cell is known as the __________, and it is the location of enzymes that assemble peptidoglycan.

1. lipopolysaccharide layer
2. intramembranous space
3. cytoplasm
4. periplasmic space

Which chemical substance contributes to the unique characteristics of acid-fast bacteria?

A) mycolic acid
B) lipoteichoic acid
C) endotoxin
D) N-acetylglucosamine
E) peptidoglycan

The cell walls of some ________ are composed of proteins.

A) eukaryotes
B) prokaryotes
C) archaea
D) bacteria
E) bacteria and eukaryotes

Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella is TRUE?
A) Prokaryotic flagella are anchored to the cell wall by means of the basal body.
B) Treponema is an example of a bacterium that has a tuft of polar flagella.
C) Prokaryotic flagella are composed of tubulin.
D) A "run" results from clockwise movement of the flagellum.
E) Prokaryotic flagella move in a whip-like manner.

Lipid-soluble molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane by which process?

A) group translocation
B) active transport
C) facilitated diffusion
D) diffusion
E) osmosis

Which of the following statements concerning osmosis is FALSE?
A) Crenation results when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution.
B) Osmosis stops when the system reaches equilibrium.
C) Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will gain water.
D) Osmosis requires a selectively permeable membrane.
E) During osmosis, water crosses to the side of the membrane with a lower solute concentration.

Which of the following statements concerning the endosymbiotic theory is FALSE?
A) The endosymbiotic theory is not universally accepted.
B) Eukaryotes were formed from the union of small anaerobic cells by larger aerobic cells.
C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can divide independently of the cell.
D) The cristae of mitochondria evolved from the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes.
E) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes.

Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma lack cell walls. What sort of environment do they require for survival?

A) isotonic
B) hypertonic
C) a biofilm
D) hypotonic
E) low temperature

Which of the following statements concerning the characteristics of life is FALSE?
A) Organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times.
B) Viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things.
C) Reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism.
D) Living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP.
E) Reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things.

Which prokaryotic cells contain an outer membrane?

A) Gram-negative bacteria only
B) Gram-positive bacteria only
C) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
D) archaea
E) all prokaryotes

Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is CORRECT?
A) The smooth ER has ribosomes associated with it.
B) The smooth ER is a site of ATP synthesis.
C) The ER is a lipid storage organelle.
D) The ER is a transport system within the cytoplasm.
E) The rough ER is the site of lipid synthesis.

________ may have pili.

A) Archaea
B) Prokaryotes
C) Eukaryotes
D) Bacteria
E) Both eukaryotes and bacteria

ATP is expended in which processes?

A) group translocation
B) diffusion
C) active transport
D) facilitated diffusion
E) both active transport and group translocation

What is the function of the cellular structure smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A) synthesis of lipids
B) cell movement
C) protein synthesis
D) ATP synthesis
E) packaging of materials for export

The semiliquid matrix of the nucleus is called the _______.

A _______ is a type of glycocalyx that is firmly attached to the cell.

Eukaryotic flagella are anchored by the basal body in the _______.

Eukaryotic cells use a process known as _______ to obtain liquids from their environment.

A structural molecule found in eukaryotic cytoskeletons, flagella, cilia, and centrioles is
_______.

A higher concentration of solutes corresponds to a _______ concentration of water in a given solution.

The presence of a cell _______ enables bacterial and plant cells to resist the effects of hypotonic solutions.

Which of the following is unique to archaea?

A) fimbriae
B) peptidoglycan
C) pili
D) LPS
E) hami

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of _______ synthesis.

Gram negative cell walls have more techoic acid. T/F

In a(n) _______ solution, an animal cell can gain so much water
that it may burst.

Goli bodies are examples of a organelle.

A(n) _______ is a carrier protein that transports two substances in the
same direction across a membrane.

Lipid _______ is a part of the Gram-negative cell outer membrane that can
produce fever, inflammation, and shock when it is released into the bloodstream.

Lysosomes result from the endocytosis of food particles by eukaryotic cells. T/F

Peroxisomes contain enzymes used to digest nutrients that have been brought into the cell through phagocytosis. T/F

All cell membranes contain phospholipids and a wide variety of proteins. T/F

Chloroplasts use light energy to produce ATP and carbohydrates. T/F

Formation of a biofilm may contribute to bacteria's ability to cause disease. T/F

Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of 50S and 30S subunits. T/F

Chromatin is composed of DNA and special packaging proteins called hopanoids. T/F

Bacterial protein synthesis can begin before the reading of the gene is complete. T/F

In prokaryotes the cell wall is made up of _______.

In bacteria the structures for cell to cell attachment or for attachment of bacteria to any substrates are _______ and _______.

The bacterial genome is made up of a _______ and _______ DNA/chromosome.

Plasma membrane is made up of 2 layers of _______.

Endospores are structures that are _______ to heat and chemicals.

The genus of bacteria with no cell wall is _______.

Teichoic acid is present in the cell wall of Gram ______ bacteria only.

Peptidoglycan is _______ in the cell wall of Gram _______ bacteria as compare to Gram _______ bacteria.

When Gram positive bacteria lose their cell wall they are referred to as _______.

Gram negative bacteria have an extra membrane layer called a _______.

All of the following are associated with the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell except:

1. chromatin
2. cristae
3. histone
4. nucleoplasm
5. nucleolus

Cross sections of eukaryotic flagella and cilia shows _______ arrangement of microtubules.

Eukaryotic cell walls are made of _______ or _______.

Nucleus contains a matrix called ______.

During _______, duplicated chromosomes are separated equally into daughter cells.

Goli bodies are examples of a _______ organelle.

_______ are organelles found in algae and plant cells and convert solar energy into chemical energy.

Microscopic fungi exist in two basic morphological forms, _______ and _______.

Most fungi are _______ and obtain nutrients from _______ plants and animals.

In fungi, hyphae can be classified into _______ and _______ types.

Which of the following is not true about the Gram-positive cell wall?

1. It maintains the shape of the cell
2. It is sensitive to lysozymes
3. It protects the cell in a hypertonic environment
4. It contains teichoic acids
5. None of the above

Which of the following situations best describes what happens when a bacterial cell is placed in a 5% solution of sodium chloride?

1. The sodium chloride moves in the cell wall
2. Water will move out of the cell
3. Water will move into the cell wall
4. The will undergo osmotic lyses
5. No change will occur

Which of the following mechanisms are used by the cell to transport a substance from a lower concentration to higher concentration?

1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Active transport
4. Osmosis
5. Any of the above

Which of the following is not a structure found in a prokaryotic cell?

1. flagella
2. axial filament
3. cilia
4. sex pili
5. peritrichous flagella

Which of the following structures are made up of a phospholipid bilayer?

1. flagella
2. pili
3. fimbriae
4. plasma membrane
5. ribosomes

All of the following are associated with the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell except:

1. chromatin
2. cristae
3. histone
4. nucleoplasm
5. nucleolus

Which of the following sugars make up the petidoglycan cell wall in bacteria?

1. N-acetyl muramic acid only
2. N-acetly glucosamine only
3. Both A and B
4. All of the above

When a bacteria shows a variety of shapes during their life cycle, they are called _______.

1. metamorphic
2. dimorphic
3. pleomorphic
4. diplobacillus
5. red tide

Which of the following structures is used for conjugation?

1. pili
2. flagella
3. fimbriae
4. capsule
5. cell membrane

The structure that is involved in RNA synthesis is?

1. chromatin
2. nucleolus
3. nucleoid region
4. histone
5. mitochondria

The structure that is involved with cell to cell communication is:

1. cell wall
2. cytoplasm
3. flagellum
4. glycocalyx
5. chitin

Which of the following structures contains enzymes for digestion of food particles?

1. vacuoles
2. mitochondria
3. lysosomes
4. golgi bodies

Short hair like structures used only by eukaryotic cells for movement are called:

1. pili
2. flagella
3. cilia
4. pseudopods
5. fimbriae

Endospores allow a bacterial cell to survive harsh conditions. T/F

Gram negative cell walls have more techoic acid. T/F

In prokaryotic cells, DNA is located in a region called the nucleoid region. T/F

In prokaryotes the metachromatic granules store inorganic phosphates. T/F

Most bacteria explode when they are exposed to hypotonic solution. T/F

Eukaryotic flagella have the same structure as prokaryotic flagella. T/F

Glycocalyx is present inside each eukaryotic cell. T/F

The structure of a cell membrane is the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. T/F

During gamete formation the chromosome number remains the same that is accomplished by meiosis. T/F

Thylakoids and grana are structures found in the mitochondria. T/F

A cell may allow a large or charged chemical to move across the cytoplasmic membrane, down the chemical’s electrical and chemical gradients, in a process called __________________.

a. active transport

b. facilitated diffusion

c. endocytosis

d. pinocytosis

Which of the following statements concerning growth and reproduction is false?

a. Growth and reproduction may occur simultaneously in living organisms.

b. A living organism must reproduce to be considered alive.

c. Living things may stop growing and reproducing yet still be alive.

d. Normally, living organisms have the ability to grow and reproduce themselves.

A “9 + 2” arrangement of microtubules is seen in __________________.

a. archaeal flagella

b. bacterial flagella

c. eukaryotic flagella

d. all prokaryotic flagella

Which of the following is most associated with diffusion?

a. symports

b. antiports

c. carrier proteins

d. endocytosis

Which of the following is not associated with prokaryotic organisms?

a. nucleoid

b. glycocalyx

c. cilia

d. circular DNA

Which of the following is true of Svedbergs?

a. They are not exact but are useful for comparisons.

b. They are abbreviated “sv.”

c. They are prokaryotic in nature but exhibit some eukaryotic characteristics.

d. They are an expression of sedimentation rate during high-speed centrifugation.

Which of the following statements is true?

a. The cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan.

b. Peptidoglycan is a fatty acid.

c. Gram-positive bacterial walls have a relatively thin layer of peptidoglycan anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane by teichoic acids.

d. Peptidoglycan is found mainly in the cell walls of fungi, algae, and plants.

Which of the following is not a function of a glycocalyx?

a. It forms pseudopods for faster mobility of an organism.

b. It can protect a bacterial cell from drying out.

c. It hides a bacterial cell from other cells.

d. It allows a bacterium to stick to a host.

Bacterial flagella are __________________.

a. anchored to the cell by a basal body

b. composed of hami

c. are surrounded by an extension of the cytoplasmic membrane

d. composed of tubulin in hollow microtubules in a “9 + 2” arrangement

Which cellular structure is important in classifying a bacterial species as Gram positive or Gram negative?

a. flagella

b. cell wall

c. cilia

d. glycocalyx

A Gram-negative cell is moving uric acid across the cytoplasmic membrane against its chemical gradient. Which of the following statements is true?

a. The exterior of the cell is probably electrically negative compared to the interior of the cell.

b. The acid probably moves by a passive means such as facilitated diffusion.

c. The acid moves by an active process such as active transport.

d. The movement of the acid requires phagocytosis.

Gram-positive bacteria __________________.

a. have a thick cell wall, which retains crystal violet dye

b. contain teichoic acids in their cell walls

c. appear purple after Gram staining

d. all of the above

Endospores __________________.

a. are reproductive structures of some bacteria

b. occur in some archaea

c. can cause shock, fever, and inflammation

d. are dormant, resistant cells

What structureis made of flagellin in bacteria?

Dipicolinic acid is an important component of __________________.

a. Gram-positive archaeal walls

b. cytoplasmic membranes in eukaryotes

c. endospores

d. Golgi bodies

What is the “sweet cup” composed of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides?

What are the bristle-like projections found in quantities of 100 or more on a cell surface?

What are the long whip like projections from a cell?

What has numerous “grappling hook” projections?

What is responsible for motility of spirochetes?

What are the extensions not used for cell motility called?

What structures are made of tubulin in eukaryotes?

What strucutre is made of flagellin in bacteria?