Three Functions of the Urinary System
- Excretion
- Elimination
- Homeostatic
Regulation
Excretion
- the removal of organic wastes from body fluids
Elimination
- Discharge of waste products into the environment
Homeostatic Regulation
- Of blood plasma volume and solute concentration
Organs of the Urinary System
![card image](http://www.buzzle.com/images/diagrams/urinary-system-labeled-diagram.jpg)
- kidneys (2)
- ureters (2)
- urinary bladder
- urethra
Kidneys (2)
![card image](http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/image_article_collections/anatomy_pages/Kidney2.jpg)
- perform the excretory functions of the urinary system
- produces urine located on either side of the vertebral
column - left kidney lies slightly superior to the right kidney
because of liver
Urine
- fluid that contains ions, water, and small soluble
compunds
Urinary Tract
![card image](http://www.nycosmetics.com/assets/20/Urinary_tract_anatomy.jpg)
- organs that eliminate urine
- ureters (2)
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
Ureters
![card image](http://www.elu.sgul.ac.uk/rehash/guest/scorm/319/package/final/images/ureters.jpg)
paired tubes
Urinary Bladder
![card image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/2605_The_Bladder.jpg)
muscular sac for temporary storage of urine
Urethra
![card image](http://www.organsofthebody.com/images/urethra.jpg)
exit tube
Urination
- process of eliminating urine
- the muscular urinary
bladder contracts and forces urine through the urethra
Homeostatic Functions of the Urinary System
- Regulates blood volume & blood pressure
- by
adjusting the volume of water lost in urine
releases erythropoietin and renin
- by
adjusting the volume of water lost in urine
- Regulates plasma
concentrations of sodium, potassium, and
chloride- by
controlling quantities lost in
urine the kidneys - also control calcium ion levels through
the synthesis of calcitriol
- by
controlling quantities lost in
- Helps stabilize blood pH
- by controlling
loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine
- by controlling
- Conserves
valuable nutrients
- by preventing
their loss in urine while removing organic wastes - especially (nitrogenous wastes) urea and uric acid
- by preventing
- Assists the liver in detoxifying
poisons
The left kidney lies slightly ___________ to the right kidney.
![card image](http://m.cancer.gov/images/cdr/live/CDR664288-571.jpg)
superior
The superior surface of each kidney is capped by an ______ ______.
![card image](http://nutritionalmuscletesting.com/web_images/page13-adrenal_4-2.jpg)
adrenal gland
Three Concentric Layers of Connective Tissue that Protect &
Stabilize Each Kidney
- Fibrous Capsule
- Perinephric Fat
- Renal
Fascia
Fibrous Capsule
![card image](http://antranik.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/gross-anatomy-of-kidneys-renal-cortex-renal-medulla-renal-pelvis-major-and-minor-calyx-ureter-column-and-fibrous-capsule.jpg?9f6b44)
layer of collagen fibers covers outer surface of the
entire organ
Perinephric Fat
![card image](http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/radio/curriculum/GU/Image166d.jpg)
thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous
capsule
Renal Fascia
![card image](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KDIitK77XSY/T-h6cHY2BWI/AAAAAAAAAB4/_h7-_bRXqos/s1600/Renal_Fascia.png)
a dense, fibrous outer layer that anchors the kidney to
surrounding structures
Typical Adult Kidney
![card image](http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/72/1362318/1368978/1377539_xlarge.jpg)
- reddish brown
- 10 cm long
- 5.5 cm wide
- 3 cm thick
- weighs about 150 g
Hilum
![card image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Blausen_0592_KidneyAnatomy_01.png)
- medial indentation point of entry for the renal artery
and renal nerves
- point of exit for renal vein and
ureter
Renal Sinus
![card image](http://test.classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/983/flashcards/123983/png/picture1.png)
an internal cavity within the kidney lined by fibrous
renal capsule
Renal Cortex
![card image](http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2001_Groups/WAK/renalphys/images/image3.jpg)
- superficial portion of the kidney, in contact with the renal
capsule - reddish-brown and granular
Renal Medulla
![card image](http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2001_Groups/WAK/renalphys/images/image3.jpg)
consists of 6 to 18 triangular structures
Renal Pyramids
![card image](http://www.le.ac.uk/pa/teach/va/anatomy/case4/kid2.gif)
- 6 to 18 distinct triangular structures in renal medulla
- base abuts cortex tip (renal papilla projects into
renal sinus
Renal Columns
![card image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Illu_kidney2.jpg)
- bands of cortical tissue separates adjacent renal pyramids
extend into medulla granular tissue
Renal Lobe
![card image](http://bodterms.weebly.com/uploads/5/4/1/9/5419033/2960380.jpg?346)
- consists of:
- renal pyramid overlying area of
renal cortex - adjacent tissues of renal columns
- produces urine
- renal pyramid overlying area of
Urine is produced in the ____ _____.
kidney lobes
Renal Papilla
![card image](https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/704/flashcards/586704/png/kidney_21310775624510.png)
ducts discharge urine into minor calyx
Minor Calyx
![card image](https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/704/flashcards/586704/png/kidney_21310775624510.png)
cup shaped drain
Major Calyx
![card image](https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/704/flashcards/586704/png/kidney_21310775624510.png)
formed by four or five minor calyces
Renal Pelvis
![card image](https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/704/flashcards/586704/png/kidney_21310775624510.png)
- formed by 2 or 3 major calyces
- funnel shaped chamber
- fills most of the renal sinus
- connected to
ureters, which drains kidneys
Nephrons
![card image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Kidney_Nephron.png)
- microscopic, tubular structures in cortex of each renal love
- where urine production begins
Blood Supply to Kidneys
- kidneys receive 20-25% of the total cardiac output
- 1200 mL of blood flow through the kidneys each minute
Kidney receives blood through the _______ _______.
![card image](http://memorialvein.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/renal-artery-disease-kidney-anatomy.gif)
renal artery
Segmental Arteries
![card image](http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Elementary%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology%2050/Lecture%20outlines/15_02Figureb-L.jpg)
- recieves blood from the renal artery
- divides into interlobular arteries
Interlobular Arteries
![card image](http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Elementary%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology%2050/Lecture%20outlines/15_02Figureb-L.jpg)
- radiate outward through the renal columns between the renal pyramids
- supply blood to the arcuate arteries
Arcuate Arteries
![card image](http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Elementary%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology%2050/Lecture%20outlines/15_02Figureb-L.jpg)
- arch along the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney
Afferent Arterioles
![card image](http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A&P2%20u16.jpg)
- delivers blood to the capillaries supplying individual nephrons
Cortical Radiate Veins/Interlobular Veins
![card image](http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Elementary%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology%2050/Lecture%20outlines/15_02Figureb-L.jpg)
- deliver blood to the arcuate veins
- empty into interlobar veins
Interlobar Veins
![card image](http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Elementary%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology%2050/Lecture%20outlines/15_02Figureb-L.jpg)
- drain directly into renal vein
Renal Nerves
![card image](http://www.medtronic.com/rdn/mediakit/1%20Renal%20Sympathetic%20Nerves%20and%20the%20Kidney%20HD%202.png)
- innervate the kidneys and ureters
- enters each kidney at the hilum
- follows the branches of the renal arteries to reach individual nephrons
Sympathetic Innervation
- Adjusts rates of urine formation
- by changing blood flow and blood pressure at the nephron
- Stimulates the release of renin
- which restricts water and salt loss in urine by stimulation reabsorption by the nephron
The Nephron
![card image](http://www.ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/nephron2_med.jpeg)
- consists of:
- renal tubule
- renal corpuscle
Renal Corpuscle
![card image](http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/704/flashcards/586704/png/glomerulus1310775794540.png)
- a spherical structure consisting of:
- glomerular
(Bowman's) capsule
- cup shaped chamber
- glomerulus
- a capillary network
- glomerular
(Bowman's) capsule
- squamous cells
Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule
![card image](http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/704/flashcards/586704/png/glomerulus1310775794540.png)
- cup shaped chamber
Renal Tubule
![card image](http://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/coResourceImport/modules/homeostasis_kidneys/en-images/renal_tubule.gif)
- begins at renal corpuscle
- long tubular passageway
Glomerulus
![card image](http://www.unckidneycenter.org/images/glomerulus.jpg)
- consists of 50 intertwined capillaries
- projects into the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
- blood leaves the glomerulus in an efferent arteriole
Efferent Arteriole
![card image](http://www.fasebj.org/content/17/15/2284/F3.large.jpg)
- flows into a network of capillaries called peritubular capillaries
- drain into small venules that return blood to the venous system
The process of filtration takes place in the _______ ________.
![card image](http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/anatomy%20&%20physiology/2020/2020%20exam%20reviews/exam%204/renal%20corpuscle%20diagram.jpg)
renal corpuscle
Blood Pressure
- forces water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries into capsular space
Filtration
![card image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Physiology_of_Nephron.png)
- takes place in the renal corpuscle
- produces protein
free solution (aka filtrate)
- similar to blood plasma
Filtrate
![card image](https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/253/flashcards/1644253/gif/kidney_filtrate-e9a331340161286400.gif)
- protein-free solution (similar to blood plasma)
- moves from renal corpuscle to renal tubule
Three Functions of the Renal Tubule
![card image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Kidney_Nephron.png)
- Reabsorb useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate
- Reabsorb more than 90% of water that enter filtrate
- Secrete waste products that failed to enter renal corpuscle through filtration at glomerulus
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
![card image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Kidney_Nephron.png)
- reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic matter
- cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli
Distal Convoluted Tubule
![card image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Kidney_Nephron.png)
- secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
- variable reabsorption of water, sodium ions, and calcium ions
- cuboidal cells with few microvilli
Descending Limb of Loop of Henle
![card image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Kidney_Nephron.png)
- further reabsorption of water
- squamous cells
Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle
![card image](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Kidney_Nephron.png)
- reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions
- low cuboidal cells
As the filtrate travels along the renal tubule, it is now called ______ _____.
tubular fluid
Collecting System
![card image](http://cnx.org/resources/e1df7b6ebab05c8099f247bd1606bee0/Figure_41_03_03.png)
- series of tubes that carry tubular fluid away from the nephron
- collecting ducts
- papillary ducts
Each nephron empties into the __________ _________.
![card image](http://www.kestrelstudio.com/portfolio/medical-illustration/anatomical/images/kidney-sinus.jpg)
collecting system
Collecting Ducts
![card image](http://cnx.org/resources/e1df7b6ebab05c8099f247bd1606bee0/Figure_41_03_03.png)
- receives fluid from many nephrons
- carried fluid to papillary ducts that drain into a minor calyx
- cuboidal to columnar cells
- reabsorption of water, sodium ions
Papillary Ducts
![card image](http://i620.photobucket.com/albums/tt286/gpviray/MacroMicro%20Kidney%20Model%20Kidney/DSC02827.jpg)
- columnar cells
- conducts tubular fluid to minor calyx
Cortical Nephrons
![card image](http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A&P2%20u25.jpg)
- 85% of all nephrons
- located mostly in superficial cortex of kidney
- nephron loop is short
- efferent arteriole delievers blood to a network of peritubular capillaries
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
![card image](http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/A&P2%20u25.jpg)
- 15% of nephrons
- long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla
- peritubular capillaries are connected to the vasa recta
Vasa Recta
![card image](http://www.iupui.edu/~anatd502/lecture.f04/urinaryf04/C44-21C.jpg)
- long straight capillaries that parallel the nephron loop
The Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
- descending limb
- fluid flows toward the renal pelvis
- ascending limb
- fluid flows toward the renal cortex
The Juxtaglomerular Complex
![card image](https://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/1142/71/_53022d86_13d85ffda7d__8000_00002988.png)
- an endocrine structure that secretes:
- hormone erythropoietin
- enzyme renin
- formed
by:
- macula densa
- juxtaglomerular cells
Macula Densa
![card image](https://www.easynotecards.com/uploads/1142/71/_53022d86_13d85ffda7d__8000_00002988.png)
- epithelial cells of DCT
- near renal corpuscle
- tall cells with densely clustered nuclei
The of Urine Production
- maintain homeostasis
- by regulating volume and composition of blood
- including excretion of metabolic waste products
Three Organic Waste Products
- Urea
- Creatinine
- Uric Acid
Organic Waste Products
- dissolved in bloodstream
- are eliminated only while dissolved in urine
- removal is accompanies by water loss