anatomy and physiology Flashcards

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

falx cerebelli is a

tentorium cerebelli

epidural space

subdural space

subarachnoid space

cerebrospinal fluid does what

choroid plexus

each choroid plexus is covered with a sheet of specialized type of

ependymal (glial) cell does what

nerve roots project from each side of the

dorsal (posterior nerve root) does what

ventral (anterior) nerve root

the spinal cord provides

ascending tracts conduct

descending tracts conduct

medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain are collectively called the

medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata function is

pons

midbrain

reticular formation

cerebellum

thalamus

hypothalamus

pineal gland

cerebrum

cerebral cortex

cerebral tracts

basal nuclei

the inner protective covering of the brain is called the

the large fluid filled spaces within the brain are called the

formation of the CSF occurs in the

spinal cord tracts provide conduction paths to and from the brain . the tracts that conduct sensory impulses down the cord from the brain are called ____ tracts

the three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the

the second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum is the

what consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus

the reticular activating system maintains

the limbic system integrates

the cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short term and long term

the set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the

the cerebellum performs what functions

impulses from which system play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum

CSF circulates through the ventricles and is eventually reabsorbed by the

a person who is awake, alert and busy would have a predominance of brain waves

the part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones form the pituitary is the

the flax cerebella separates the

vomiting reflex is mediated by the

there are ___ ventricles in the brain

when someone close to you dies, you feel a sense of sorrow among other emotions your ability to experience emotions is the result of

the layer of the meninges least likely to be involved in meningitis is the

the film terminal is part of the

the cerebrospinal fluid is formed by separation of fluid from the blood in the

the brainstem includes

the bodes biological close is controlled by the

innermost layer of the meninges is the

the white mater of the cerebellum is called the

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed a person would lose

CSF is found in

several vital centers are located in the

the cerebellum acts with the _____ to produce skilled movement

which part of the brain releases the hormone melatonin

which of the following would not be an effecter of the autonomic nervous system

what might occur from the stimulation of parasympathetic fibers

what cranial nerve is responsible for movements of the tongue

small branches fro mthe cervical plexus join which two cranial nerves

what are characteristics of the sympathetic preganglionic nerurons

parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the

what is not true of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

what is associated with ocular movement

what is not true about the sympathetic postganglionic neurons

the nerve called the vagus nerve is the

somatic reflexes consists of

nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the

what region of the spinal cord contribute nerves to a plexus

the caudal equine is

the phrenic nerve is found in the

norepinephrine is liberated at

what is true about spinal nerves

afferent nerves or fivers are found in the

the cervical plexus is

the sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because

what cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor

what is the plexus of the spinal nerves

efferent nerves or fibers are found

somatic motor and autonomic pathways have what same characteristics

acetylcholine can stimulate

beta receptors bind with

whiz is the neurotransmitter in a somatic motor pathway

what color is a cone able to respond

what is true about temp receptors

taste buds are found in the

pain that is perceived as being a superficial pain is one place but is actually caused somewhere else is the

what receptors the most common and widely distributed receptors

the number of pure or primary tastes are

both olfactory receptors and taste buds are

which tongue papillae are huge dome shaped bumps that form a transverse row near the back of the tongue

pacinian corpuscles are

chemorecetprs are most limey to be activated by

which tongue papillae are large , mushroom shaped bumps found in the anterior two thirds of the tongue surface

dynamic equilibrium depends on the

sensory neurons in the sense are unique because they are regularly replaced by

what are the primary taste sensations

what are the vestibule of the inner ear

how many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord

afferent nerves do what

efferent fibers do what

how are the spinal nerves attached

the dorsal root of each spinal nerve is easily recognized by swelling of the

the ventral rami of most spinal nerves subdivide to form complex

what does the dorsal rami do

what does the phrenic nerve do

mixed cranial nerves contain axons of

brachial plexus is found deep in the

what nerve supplies the thigh and leg

what is the largest nerve in the body

the somatic motor nervous system includes

somatic reflexes involve

autonomic (visceral) reflexes involve contractions of

which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell

the somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways ____ of the CNS

if the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a

a reflex consists of either muscle con ration or a

a subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effectors is the ____ nervous system

axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters

ACTS bind to ____ receptors

this is a subdiviosn of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effecter by efferent signals

the major functions of the ANS are

the sympathetic division of the ANS prepares us for

sympathetic nervous system is sometimes named the

parasympathetic division does what activities

parasympathetic phase is sometimes called

the first neuron is called a

what is the second neuron called

axons that release norepinehphrine are called

axons that release acetylcholine are called

the major function of the sympathetic division is that it serves as a

when an adequate stimulus acts on a receptor, a potential develops in the receptors membrane , it is called a

what receptor is located on or very near the surface of the body

exterroceptors detect

which receptor is located internally within our organs

interoceptors provide information about our

a special kind of interoceptor found in skeletal muscle, joint capsules, and tendons

respond to stimuli that in some manner measure changes in pressure or internal environment, inform us of pressure on the skin, or pressure in muscles and legs

are activated by the amount or changing concentration of certain chemicals, senses of taste and smell

activated by changes in temp

percieve intense stimuli, the overal sensation of pain

found in our eyes and respond to light stimuli in the visible spectrum

concentated in the hypothalamus and sense levels of osmotic pressure in our body fluids, important for detecting electrolyte changes

serve as the primary sensory receptors for pain, heat ,cold, and various forms of touch

which type of receptor is found only in the eye

discriminative touch is mediated by a flattened or disk shaped free nerve ending called a

egg shaped mechanoreceptors that are larger than tactile disks, they are located in or very close tot he dermal papillae of hairless skin areas, they pick up sensation of light touch

slow adapting receptors and permit the skin of the fingers to continuously remain sensitive to deep pressure, gives you ability to grasp and object

found in the deep dermis of the skin, especially hands and feet, they respond quickly to sensation of deep pressure, high frequency vibration, and stretch

protects our muscles from tearing internally or from pulling away from their tendons at points of attachment to bone

huge dome shaped bumps arranged in a row that cross the back of the tongue

bumps with threadlike projections, scattered among the fungiform papillae

what its he main function of the filiform papillae

the ear is divided into which three anatomical parts

visible part of the ear surrounding the opening of the external acoustic metus

the middle ear contains the three auditory ossicles called

composed partly of bone and cartilage and fibrous tissue

the inner ear is also called the

the bony labyrinth has three parts

the clear potassium rich fluid fills the labyrinth is

tiny bones in the middle ear are the

the sense organs involved in the sense of balance are found in the vestibule and the

dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the

what is the hearing sense organ

the tiny bones found in the middle ear are the

the sense organs involved in the sense of balance are found in the vestibule and the

dynamic equlibrium depends on the functioning of the

the innermost coat of the eyeball is the

cones are less numerous than rods and are densely concentrated in the

the substance that fills both chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye is the

as people grow older they tend to become farsighted this condition is called

the lacrimal canals empty into the lacrimal sacs and open into an opening or

skeletal muscles that attach to the outside of the eyeball and to the bones of the orbit

smooth muscle located within the eyes

clear watery substance often leaks out when the eye is injured

soft gelatin appearance, helps maintain enough internal pressure within the eye to prevent eye ball from collapsin

what are the formed elements in blood

what is used to determine the volume percentage of the red blood cells in whole blood

erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as

a glycoprotein that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissue is

what are the granulocytes

neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces this process is called

a decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called

platelets play an important in role in

what components are critical to coagulation

a natural constituent of blood acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessles

the physiological mechanism that dissolves in clots is known as

produces and secretes compounds called hormones that aid in controlling the bodes metabolic activities

are hormones produced and secreted and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. These hormones target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion

target reproductive tissues and anabolic hormones stimulate anabolism in their target cells

manufactured from cholesterol a four ring lipid

synthesized primarily from proteins, peptides and amino acids rather than from cholesterol

manufactured from cholesterol

are synthesized primarily from proteins, peptides and amino acids that than from cholestol

are unique group of lipids that act as a local hormones

prostaglandins contorl

the master gland

promotes body growth indirectly by stimulating the liver to produce certain growth factors

vital to the production of milk after pregnancy

promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid gland

promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland

stimulates the follicles of the ovaries to grow and mature

stimulates the formation and activity of the corpus luteum of the ovary

stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads

controls thirst, hunger,fatigue, body temp

carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary gland ,where the target cells of the different releasing hormones are located

serves as a storage release site for two important hormones ADH and Oxytocin

inhibits production of large amounts of urine

increases arterial bp

uncommon condition in which the pt produces abnormally lg amounts of urine because the kidneys are unable to conserve water

oxytocin has two primary functions

produces melatonin

stimulates T4 and T3

stimulates the metabolism of almost every body tissue

acts on bone and kidney cells to increase the release of calcium into the blood

located above the kidneys

outer portion of gland,

inner portion of gland

regulate how mineral salts are processed in the body

maintains the sodium homeostasis of the blood

functions of the glucocorticoids

sex hormones

secretes two important hormones epinephrin and norepinephrine