As an officer, how are you transitioning?
From tactical to operational
You are now using what type of leadership as an officer?
Indirect Leadership
What are the four forms of Indirect Leadership? Dist. Link. Creat. Upward
Distance; Link; Creations; Upward Influence
Example for Indirect Leadership Dist. (Leaders who are concerned with the DEVELOPMENT and PERFORMANCE of individuals who do not directly report to this leader)
CAC meetings
Example for through a Link:
Squadron Commanders, FLC's, NCOs
What does indirect leadership require less of and more of?
LESS: task related competency; MORE: conceptual skills
Example for through Creations
Example for Upward Influence
Upside down pyramid that the subordinates use to influence the upper echelon
Fewer short term issues are to be resolved by indirect leaders: Spontaneous action and reaction are impossible for indirect leaders; Indirect leaders are faced with problems beyond their control.
Critique of Indirect Leadership
What does power require?
Consent
All power comes from?
The consent of the governed
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) = interaction between?
Interaction between Corporations and Public Trust
CSR Issues: Corr/Stew/Phil/Sus; CORE STEW PHIL SUS (green business); HUMANR Transparency
Corruption; Stewardship; Philanthropy; Sustainability; Human Rights; Transparency
A professional association accomplishes what?
Furthers the career field; Helps member succeed; Uphold the public trust
How to earn Public's trust? Hippocratic oath; Soldier's Creed
Code of ethics
What is the expression of opinions contrary to the official view?
Dissent
Abilene Paradox
Cooperation with harbored misgivings
Moral Relativism: Denies universal moral principles it insinuates...
Right and wrong depend on the culture and point in history
Critique of Moral Relativism: Absolute in its rejection of:
Absolutes
Moral Objectivism: Despite cultures' disagreement about ethics... (AF Core Values fit here)
Some moral principles have universal validity.
Critique of Moral Objectivism: Who or what?
Who or what determines right and wrong and how are we to know these moral absolutes?
Virtue Ethics: Teleological (everything conscious and goal oriented moves to some transformation) That end transformation is Man's own
Happiness
Paths to Happiness =
Virtue
Define Virtue: Habitual disposition toward the good for its own sake; Excellence of moral character that helps you to be all you can be.
Excellence in all its fullness and perfection of the soul.
Pursuit of Virtue =
Right Desire; True Reason; Balance; Discipleship; Happiness of Character
Critique of Virtue Ethics: Its concept of virtue is inarguable. It is not ______ with how people live and depends upon rational ____
square/Self Analysis
Duty Ethics: Built up reason and concept of Duty. Created by:
Immanuel Kant
Different types of Reasoning:
Categorical Imperative: You are king and everyone copies you; Practical Imperative:
Old, not as trendy, spend a lot of time reading reports, padded reports, does not explain why obj are incomplete: This is a criticism of?
Management by Objective
Strategic goals (fast tier); Objectives (must be specific and measurable); Action Plans (outline specifically who is going to do what and by when)
How MBO works.
Where is the best source for goals?
Outside the organization: Benchmarking example
What are two ways to measure success? Possibly MBO as well
Appraisals; 360-degree feedback
When management communicates observed success and shortcomings to each worker on an individual basis (letting them know where they stand)
Philosophy of Appraisal
What is the classic example of measuring individual performance?
Performance Appraisal
What are the people that do not lend their services to stopwatch standards?
Knowledge workers
Relevant standards point towards
MBO 1
How do you develop a Pro Safety culture?
Incentives; Trait theory
What ancient philosopher observed that "character is destiny"? CULTURE is DESTINY
Heraclitus
How many phases are there in creating motivation change?
3
Unfreezing = letting go of hard traditions and experiencing a motivation to change:
1st phase of Cultural Change
What is survival anxiety? What is Unlearning? 2 methods: 1st phase
Unless we change...something bad is going to happen; Bad habits must die
Here organization leaders help learn the new concepts that bring the desired into effect
Phase 2 of Cultural Change
Clear articulation of Vision = describe the organization's predicament with clarity and precision; Psychological Safety = Learner must come to feel that the way of being is possible and achievable; Right Metrics and Rewards: Leaders rethink how they measure success, pay, awards, promotions, atta-boys; Symbols and Physical Environment: Effective symbols are visual presentations of reality; Training and Safety Nets: Resources to train people so that they can make the change (tough love tactics are not always good); Stories to Communicate Culture: General Curtis LeMay; Teachable moments: simply an unplanned opportunity enabling a leader to emphasize a principle that someone has been trying to learn; Leadership by Example
Processes by which to effectuate Cultural Change
Internalization: what results when someone makes a lasting commitment to a principle
Phase 3 of cultural change
Takes too much time; Subordinates show me up; Lose touch with the job
Why we as superiors fail to delegate
Unclear delegation; Too close supervision; Too much help; Rushed delegation; Improper selection of subordinates
Common mistakes in delegation
Morale problems; Staff problems; Conceptual planning; Reviewing subordinate performance reports; Specialized task
Tasks that should not be delegated
What are the unobtainable or projects that go beyond workable?
"Rolls Royce Syndrome"
Steps for Effective Delegation
Define the Task; Assign the Task; Grant Authority; Follow up
Problems in conjunction with Defining the task
Routine repetitive details; Duties that make you over specialized; Tasks that
Organization
A body of individuals working together under a system of rules, assignments, procedures and relations TO ACHIEVE identifiable goals and objectives
Organization is more complex with 5 basic parts and 2 groupings (line and staff); LINE: PROVIDES directly accomplish organization's mission; STAFF PROVIDES: Technical/Administrative to the Staff
Line: Op core, Mid line, Strat Apex; Staff: Technostructure, Support Staff
Op Core = Foot Soldiers; Mid Line = interpret ideas as strat apex; Strat Apex = formulates strategies/allocates resources/make big decisions
Op Core: In Rank cadets; Mid Line: Flight Commanders/cadet commander; Strat Apex: squadron commander and his or her deputies
Technostructure: Develop initiatives/design programs/issue technical direction "gurus"; Support staff: Administrative financial logistics:
Technostructure and Support Staff; Specialists (technostructure)
Organization theory vs. Freeform
Chaos
Promote accountability; Allocate authority; Are easy to manage; Create efficiencies
Case for Hierarchies
Chaos Theory created by:
Tom Peters
Hierarchies get in the way; Free-form self directed teams are agile
Chaos theory
How do you test an organization's structure?
Performances
What is a small group of people entrusted to study, recommend and perform services for a larger group?
Committee
Good ideas can come from anybody; They can be smarter than the individual; Adds legitimacy to the decisions
Tenets of a committee
In-depth discussion; Manageable group size; Division of labor; Specialization and expertise; Special handling
5 triggers for committee
Standing committee:
Somewhat permanent
Select committee:
Chosen for a select task
Goal statements; OBJ driven agendas; Read aheads (purely factual and usually driven by email); Oral Presentations; Agendas sequencing and breakouts; Closing and minutes
Means to an end for a committee meeting
Facilitators are like ___ in that they get the most they can out of each member?
Point Guards
Facilitators are:
Process-focused
Joys to the chair
Achievements of the meeting
Neutral attitude; Adherence to process; Desire for consensus; Counterweight to the status arena
Hallmarks of facilitation
Ask open ended questions; Ask for specificity in responses; Redirect questions to the group; Invite questions to the group; Invite quiet members to join the discussion; Record ideas and make them visible; Signal to dominating members their need to hold back; Help rambling member wrap up; Redirect the energy of combative members
Hallmarks of Facilitation techniques
What is the simplest way to conduct business?
Unanimous consent
Planning; Organizing; Leading; Controlling
Functions of Management
Set of coordinated activities with a start and finish
Project
Project Brief goes in the
Proposal phase of Project Lifecycle
Goal statement (SMART); Project Narrative (what is entailed and why is it important); Key data; Deliverables (clearly identifiable output of project); Actions Recommended (specific steps that the sponsor takes to authorize the project and get it started)
Proposal PHASE
Project Initiating Document (PID) explains how the project will be managed, leads on to the project brief (similar to what military calls an OP Order), belongs in:
Planning phase of Project Lifecycle
An organizational Chart (everyone involved); Gantt Chart (showing each deliverable that must be completed); A budget; Governance plan (simple list of policies); Communications plan (how the project team communicates news to customers, stakeholders and the press); Field Tests (the final stage in planning)
Planning PHASE
Here the project team builds the product deliverables and presents the product to the customer
Execution Phase of Project Lifecycle
Controls during execution: Process for monitoring plan's execution; Staff meetings; Inspections; Schedules; Budgets
Execution PHASE
When the customer accepts the final deliverable/project simply expires at closing time, execution phase ends.
Review and Concluding Phase of Project Lifecycle
Feedback instruments; Recognition Programs; Administrative close out
Review and Concluding PHASE
Distal (Background) Context to a conflict; Proximal (immediate circumstances that include communicator's goals/cause and effect of conflict: Perception is reality); Conflict interaction: Most visible feature; Proximal outcomes: Sorting through thoughts and feelings (emotions still high, "we will have our day in court"); Distal Outcomes (the after effects down the road: "don't burn your bridges")
Interpersonal Conflict
Define BATNA
Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement
Not now...can I call you later?
Evade Strategy
Yes, absolutely, let's do it your way
Comply strategy
Take it or leave it
Insist strategy
Let's split the difference and call it a day
Settle Strategy
Let's work together and make it even better
Cooperative Strategy
Happiness points; Morally right if it produces utility, produces pleasure
Utilitarianism by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill