Necessary for Karst formation
•80% CaCO3 (=carbonate rocks)
•H2O + secondary permeability
•CO2
•H+(plants/rain)
Karrens
large tracts of limestone karst terranes devoid of unconsolidated material, often with solution enhanced vertical fracture and joints sets
Clints and grikes
Grikes are solution-enhanced vertical
fractures dividing the
surface into distinct horizontal platform pieces (clints)
Sinkhole-a.k.a. Doline
A hole in the surface due to subsurface collapse (e.g.roof of cave)
Cenotes
Large sinkholes filled with a circular freshwater lake
Uvalas
Compound sinkholes,
Polje
coalescence of several sinkholes in a linear configuration
Fengcong vs fenglin
Cone karst vs tower Karst
Speleothems
Underground landforms formed in
caves and passages by mineral
deposition of dripstone or
flowstone (travertine or tufa).
PSEUDOKARST
A landscape with features similar to karst, but formed in rock types
other than carbonates and
by non-dissolutional processes.